{"version":"v0.1.0","families":[{"id":"perception","name":"感知与注意","english":"Perception and attention","count":64},{"id":"motor","name":"运动执行与想象","english":"Motor execution and imagery","count":51},{"id":"steady_state","name":"稳态响应","english":"Steady-state responses","count":24},{"id":"error","name":"错误监测与反馈","english":"Error monitoring and feedback","count":31},{"id":"language","name":"语言","english":"Language","count":38},{"id":"memory","name":"记忆","english":"Memory","count":45},{"id":"emotion","name":"情绪与情感","english":"Emotion and affect","count":25},{"id":"control","name":"认知控制","english":"Cognitive control","count":42},{"id":"imagery","name":"非运动想象","english":"Non-motor imagery","count":17},{"id":"social","name":"社会认知","english":"Social cognition","count":30},{"id":"state","name":"脑状态（静息、睡眠、警觉）","english":"Brain states","count":21},{"id":"stimulation","name":"刺激诱发","english":"Stimulation-evoked","count":16}],"items":[{"id":"CTL-AMBIG-001","name":"风险与模糊决策","english":"Decision under risk versus ambiguity","aliases":["Ellsberg paradigm","Ambiguity aversion task","Risk and ambiguity task"],"family":"control","modalities":["fMRI"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_amygdala","MK.BOLD_striatum_reward"],"description":"被试在确定收益与赌局之间选择，赌局结果概率或已知（风险）或未知（模糊），如 Ellsberg 罐子问题。模糊性增加杏仁核与眶额 BOLD 活动，而纹状体活动与期望奖赏相关。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants choose between a certain payoff and gambles whose outcome probabilities are either known (risk) or unknown (ambiguity), as in the Ellsberg urn problem. Ambiguity increases amygdala and orbitofrontal BOLD activity, whereas striatal activity correlates with expected reward.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/control/CTL-AMBIG-001.yaml"},{"id":"CTL-ANAL-001","name":"类比推理","english":"Analogical reasoning","aliases":["Verbal analogy task","A:B::C:D analogy task","Semantic analogy task"],"family":"control","modalities":["fMRI"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_frontopolar"],"description":"被试判断两组词对是否具有相同关系（A:B :: C:D），并与只判断语义联想的条件比较，以区分关系整合与语义提取。类比整合激活前额叶喙外侧（额极）区，而语义提取激活前部额下回。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants judge whether two word pairs share the same relation (A:B :: C:D) compared with judging semantic association alone, so that relational integration can be separated from semantic retrieval. Analogical integration engages rostrolateral (frontopolar) prefrontal cortex, whereas retrieval engages anterior inferior frontal cortex.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/control/CTL-ANAL-001.yaml"},{"id":"CTL-ANT-001","name":"注意网络测试","english":"Attention Network Test (ANT)","aliases":["ANT","Attention Network Test","Clinical Screening ANT"],"family":"control","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.N1_visual","MK.P3b","MK.CNV"],"description":"一种带提示的 Flanker 任务：警示提示与空间提示先于被一致或不一致箭头包围的目标箭头出现，从而分别得到警觉、定向和执行控制的反应时指标。提示诱发视觉 N1 与关联性负变，目标诱发 P3。","descriptionEnglish":"A cued flanker task in which warning and spatial cues precede an arrow flanked by congruent or incongruent arrows, yielding separate reaction-time measures of alerting, orienting and executive control. Cues elicit visual N1 and contingent negative variation, and targets elicit a P3.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/control/CTL-ANT-001.yaml"},{"id":"CTL-ANT-002","name":"注意网络测试-交互版（ANT-I）","english":"Attention Network Test - Interactions (ANT-I)","aliases":["ANT-I","ANT-I (interaction variant)","Attention Network Test - Interaction"],"family":"control","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.N1_visual","MK.P3b","MK.CNV"],"description":"注意网络测试的一个版本：警觉由听觉提示音操纵，定向由有效或无效的外周视觉线索操纵，再与一致或不一致的箭头 flanker 组合，从而测量警觉、定向与执行控制之间的交互。","descriptionEnglish":"A version of the Attention Network Test in which alerting is manipulated with an auditory warning tone and orienting with valid or invalid peripheral visual cues, combined with congruent or incongruent arrow flankers, so that interactions among alerting, orienting and executive control can be measured.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/control/CTL-ANT-002.yaml"},{"id":"CTL-AS-001","name":"反向眼跳","english":"Antisaccade task","aliases":["AST","Anti-Saccade","Antisaccade","Pro/antisaccade task"],"family":"control","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.presaccadic_potential","MK.BOLD_oculomotor"],"description":"外周目标出现时，被试须抑制朝向目标的反射性眼跳，转而注视其镜像位置（反向眼跳），常与正向眼跳试次混合呈现。眼跳准备伴随 EEG 中的眼跳前电位和动眼网络（额叶眼区、顶叶）的 BOLD 活动。","descriptionEnglish":"When a peripheral target appears, participants must suppress the reflexive saccade towards it and instead look to the mirror location (antisaccade), often intermixed with prosaccade trials. Preparation is accompanied by presaccadic potentials in EEG and by oculomotor (frontal eye field, parietal) BOLD activity.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/control/CTL-AS-001.yaml"},{"id":"CTL-AUT-001","name":"替代用途任务（发散思维）","english":"Alternative uses task (divergent thinking)","aliases":["AUT","Alternate uses task","Unusual uses test","Divergent thinking task"],"family":"control","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.alpha_posterior"],"description":"给被试一个日常物品，要求在限定时间内想出尽可能多的新颖用途，并与创造性较低的对照任务比较。创造性观点生成伴随额区和后部 α 功率的任务相关升高。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants are given an everyday object and generate as many original uses for it as possible within a time limit, compared with a less creative control task. Creative idea generation is accompanied by task-related increases in alpha power at frontal and posterior sites.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/control/CTL-AUT-001.yaml"},{"id":"CTL-BART-001","name":"气球模拟风险任务","english":"Balloon analogue risk task","aliases":["BART","Balloon Analog Risk","Balloon Task"],"family":"control","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.FRN","MK.BOLD_dlPFC"],"description":"被试为虚拟气球充气，每充一次获得一定金钱，并可随时存入收益；若气球在其随机爆破点爆炸，该气球的收益全部损失。结果反馈诱发 FRN，fMRI 中冒险行为激活背外侧前额叶。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants pump up a virtual balloon, earning money for each pump, and can bank the money at any time; if the balloon bursts at its random explosion point, the money for that balloon is lost. Outcome feedback elicits the FRN, and risk taking engages dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in fMRI.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/control/CTL-BART-001.yaml"},{"id":"CTL-CNV-001","name":"S1-S2 预期任务","english":"S1-S2 paradigm","aliases":["CNV paradigm","Contingent negative variation paradigm","Warned reaction-time paradigm"],"family":"control","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.CNV"],"description":"警示刺激（S1）出现后经固定间隔呈现要求快速反应的命令刺激（S2）。在 S1–S2 间隔中，额中央头皮区逐渐形成一个缓慢的负向偏移，即关联性负变（CNV）。","descriptionEnglish":"A warning stimulus (S1) is followed after a fixed interval by an imperative stimulus (S2) that requires a speeded response. During the S1-S2 interval a slow negative shift, the contingent negative variation, develops over fronto-central scalp sites.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/control/CTL-CNV-001.yaml"},{"id":"CTL-CONF-001","name":"决策信心判断（知觉元认知）","english":"Decision confidence judgement (perceptual metacognition)","aliases":["Confidence rating task","Perceptual metacognition task","Post-decision confidence"],"family":"control","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.Pe"],"description":"每次知觉决策后，被试在从“肯定错误”到“肯定正确”的量表上评定对决策正确性的信心。反应后错误正波（Pe）的波幅随信心连续变化，把信心判断与错误检测联系起来。","descriptionEnglish":"After each perceptual decision, participants rate their confidence that the decision was correct, on a scale ranging from certainly wrong to certainly correct. The amplitude of the post-response error positivity varies continuously with confidence, linking confidence judgements and error detection.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/control/CTL-CONF-001.yaml"},{"id":"CTL-CPT-001","name":"持续操作测验（X-CPT）","english":"Continuous performance test (X-CPT)","aliases":["CPT","CPT-X","Continuous Performance","X-CPT"],"family":"control","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.P3b"],"description":"被试监视长时间、快速呈现的字母流，每当目标字母出现即作反应，需要持续数分钟的注意。目标诱发 P3。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants monitor a long, rapid stream of letters and respond whenever a target letter appears, which requires sustained attention over many minutes. Targets elicit a P3.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/control/CTL-CPT-001.yaml"},{"id":"CTL-CPT-002","name":"AX 持续操作任务（AX-CPT）","english":"AX continuous performance task (AX-CPT)","aliases":["AX-CPT","AX continuous performance task","AX-CPT variant"],"family":"control","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.CNV","MK.P3b"],"description":"字母以线索–探测刺激对呈现：只有当探测刺激 X 跟在线索 A 之后（AX，最常见）才作目标反应，对 AY、BX、BY 作非目标反应，从而测量线索情境的保持及其对优势反应的抑制。线索诱发为探测刺激做准备的关联性负变，探测刺激诱发 P3。","descriptionEnglish":"Letters are presented as cue-probe pairs, and participants make a target response only to the probe X when it follows the cue A (AX, most frequent), and a non-target response to AY, BX and BY pairs, so that maintenance of cue context and its use to inhibit a prepotent response can be measured. Cues elicit a contingent negative variation in preparation for the probe, and probes elicit a P3.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/control/CTL-CPT-002.yaml"},{"id":"CTL-CPT-003","name":"渐变呈现持续操作任务（gradCPT）","english":"Gradual-onset continuous performance task (gradCPT)","aliases":["gradCPT","Gradual-onset CPT"],"family":"control","modalities":["fMRI"],"markers":["MK.DMN_connectivity"],"description":"场景图片（如城市与山景）逐张渐变过渡，没有突然出现；被试对常见类别作反应、对罕见类别抑制。反应时变异性的逐刻波动划分出\"专注\"与\"走神\"两种注意状态，二者伴随不同的默认模式网络活动。","descriptionEnglish":"Scene images (e.g., cities and mountains) gradually morph from one to the next without abrupt onsets; participants respond to the frequent category and withhold to the rare one. Moment-to-moment fluctuations in response-time variability define 'in the zone' and 'out of the zone' attentional states, which are associated with differing default-mode activity.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/control/CTL-CPT-003.yaml"},{"id":"CTL-DD-001","name":"延迟折扣","english":"Delay discounting","aliases":["Delay of Gratification","Intertemporal choice task","Temporal Discounting"],"family":"control","modalities":["fMRI","EEG"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_striatum_reward","MK.BOLD_vmPFC_value"],"description":"被试反复在较早可得的较小奖赏与延迟后可得的较大奖赏之间选择，由无差异点得到折扣函数。fMRI 中，腹侧纹状体与腹内侧前额叶的活动反映选项的主观价值。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants repeatedly choose between a smaller reward available sooner and a larger reward available after a delay, and the indifference points yield a discount function. In fMRI, ventral striatum and ventromedial prefrontal activity tracks the subjective value of the options.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/control/CTL-DD-001.yaml"},{"id":"CTL-DT-001","name":"双任务","english":"Dual-task / PRP","aliases":["Dual-task paradigm","PRP","PRP paradigm","Psychological Refractory Period"],"family":"control","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.P3b","MK.frontal_midline_theta"],"description":"两个各需单独快速反应的刺激以可变的刺激起始间隔先后呈现；间隔越短，对第二个刺激的反应越慢（心理不应期）。对第二个刺激的 P3 潜伏期和额中线 θ 被用来定位和量化中枢加工瓶颈。","descriptionEnglish":"Two stimuli, each requiring its own speeded response, are presented with a variable stimulus onset asynchrony; responses to the second stimulus slow down as the asynchrony shortens (psychological refractory period). The latency of the P3 to the second stimulus and frontal midline theta are used to localise and quantify the central processing bottleneck.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/control/CTL-DT-001.yaml"},{"id":"CTL-EFF-001","name":"努力决策","english":"Effort-based decision making","aliases":["EEfRT","Effort Choice Task","Effort Discounting Task","Effort Expenditure for Rewards Task","Effort-Cost Paradigm"],"family":"control","modalities":["fMRI","EEG"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_dACC"],"description":"被试在低努力、低奖赏选项与高努力（如更多按键或更难的认知任务）、高奖赏选项之间选择，奖赏概率常被同时操纵。努力代价的评估与背侧前扣带 BOLD 活动相关。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants choose between a low-effort option with a small reward and a high-effort option (e.g., more button presses or a harder cognitive task) with a larger reward, often under varying reward probability. Effort-cost valuation is associated with dorsal anterior cingulate BOLD activity.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/control/CTL-EFF-001.yaml"},{"id":"CTL-FLK-001","name":"Flanker 任务（字母版）","english":"Eriksen flanker task (letter version)","aliases":["Eriksen flanker","Flanker","Flanker Task","Letter flanker task"],"family":"control","modalities":["EEG","MEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.ERN","MK.Pe","MK.N2_frontocentral"],"description":"被试辨认中央目标字母，其两侧干扰字母对应相同（相容）或相反（不相容）的反应。不相容试次诱发额中央 N2，错误反应诱发错误相关负波（ERN），随后出现错误正波（Pe）。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants identify a central target letter flanked by noise letters that are associated with the same (compatible) or the opposite (incompatible) response. Incompatible trials elicit a fronto-central N2, and erroneous responses elicit the error-related negativity followed by the error positivity.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/control/CTL-FLK-001.yaml"},{"id":"CTL-FLK-002","name":"Flanker 任务（箭头版）","english":"Eriksen flanker task (arrow version)","aliases":["Arrow flanker task","Arrowhead flanker"],"family":"control","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.ERN","MK.Pe","MK.N2_frontocentral","MK.LRP"],"description":"被试判断中央箭头的方向，两侧箭头指向相同（一致）或相反（不一致）方向。箭头版是目前 ERP 研究的标准形式：错误诱发 ERN 与 Pe，不一致试次诱发额中央 N2，干扰箭头引起先偏向错误手的偏侧化准备电位。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants indicate the direction of a central arrow flanked by arrows pointing in the same (congruent) or the opposite (incongruent) direction. The arrow version is the standard form in current ERP research, where errors elicit the ERN and Pe, incongruent trials a fronto-central N2, and flankers an initial lateralised readiness potential towards the wrong hand.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/control/CTL-FLK-002.yaml"},{"id":"CTL-FORAGE-001","name":"觅食决策（留守/探索）","english":"Foraging decision task","aliases":["Patch foraging task","Engage-or-search task","Foraging task"],"family":"control","modalities":["fMRI"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_dACC"],"description":"被试决定是接受当前提供的选项，还是付出代价在环境中搜索其他选项，因而觅食的价值取决于环境的平均价值。背侧前扣带 BOLD 活动反映搜索的价值和环境平均价值。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants decide whether to engage with a currently offered option or to search the environment for alternatives at a cost, so that the value of foraging depends on the average value of the environment. Dorsal anterior cingulate BOLD activity tracks the value of searching and the average environmental value.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/control/CTL-FORAGE-001.yaml"},{"id":"CTL-GNG-001","name":"Go/NoGo","english":"Go/NoGo task","aliases":["GNG","Go No-Go","Go/No-Go"],"family":"control","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.N2_frontocentral","MK.NoGo_P3"],"description":"被试对高频的 Go 刺激快速反应，对低频的 NoGo 刺激抑制反应。成功抑制的 NoGo 试次诱发增强的额中央 N2，随后出现额中央的 NoGo-P3。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants respond quickly to frequent Go stimuli and withhold the response to infrequent NoGo stimuli. Correctly withheld NoGo trials elicit an enhanced fronto-central N2 followed by a fronto-central NoGo-P3.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/control/CTL-GNG-001.yaml"},{"id":"CTL-IGT-001","name":"爱荷华赌博任务","english":"Iowa gambling task","aliases":["Bechara gambling task","IGT","Iowa Gambling"],"family":"control","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.FRN","MK.BOLD_vmPFC_value"],"description":"被试反复从四副牌中抽牌，各牌组的得失安排不同，其中两副即时收益大但长期损失更大。损失和收益反馈诱发 FRN，腹内侧前额叶活动与有利选择相关。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants repeatedly draw cards from four decks that differ in their schedules of gains and losses; two decks give large immediate gains but larger long-term losses. Loss and gain feedback elicits the FRN, and ventromedial prefrontal activity relates to advantageous choice.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/control/CTL-IGT-001.yaml"},{"id":"CTL-MIXG-001","name":"混合赌局（损失厌恶）","english":"Mixed gambles (loss aversion) task","aliases":["Mixed-gambles task","Loss aversion task","Accept/reject gamble task"],"family":"control","modalities":["fMRI"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_striatum_reward","MK.BOLD_vmPFC_value"],"description":"被试接受或拒绝胜负各半的赌局，每个赌局包含大小独立变化的潜在收益与潜在损失，损失通常比收益权重更大。纹状体与腹内侧前额叶 BOLD 活动随潜在收益增加而升高，随潜在损失增加而降低。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants accept or reject 50/50 gambles that combine a potential gain and a potential loss of independently varied sizes, and losses are typically weighted more heavily than gains. Striatal and ventromedial prefrontal BOLD activity increases with potential gains and decreases with potential losses.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/control/CTL-MIXG-001.yaml"},{"id":"CTL-MRP-001","name":"掩蔽反应启动","english":"Masked response priming","aliases":["Masked priming","Negative compatibility effect paradigm","Subliminal response priming"],"family":"control","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.LRP"],"description":"短暂呈现并被掩蔽的启动刺激（如向左或向右的箭头）先于需要左/右反应的可见目标出现，启动与目标相容或不相容。偏侧化准备电位显示启动刺激所对应的反应先被部分激活，在较长的启动–目标间隔下随后出现反转（负相容效应）。","descriptionEnglish":"A briefly presented, masked prime (e.g., a left- or right-pointing arrow) precedes a visible target that requires a left or right response, with prime and target compatible or incompatible. The lateralised readiness potential shows partial activation of the prime-assigned response followed, at longer prime-target intervals, by a reversal (negative compatibility effect).","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/control/CTL-MRP-001.yaml"},{"id":"CTL-MSIT-001","name":"多源干扰任务","english":"Multi-source interference task (MSIT)","aliases":["MSIT","Multi-Source Interference Task"],"family":"control","modalities":["fMRI"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_dACC"],"description":"被试看到三个数字，报告与另两个不同的那个数字；干扰试次中目标数字的身份与其位置冲突，且两侧数字本身也是可选反应，从而合并了 Stroop、Flanker 与 Simon 型干扰。干扰试次在个体被试中稳定地增加背侧前扣带 BOLD 活动。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants see three digits and report the identity of the one that differs from the other two; on interference trials the target's identity conflicts with its position and flanking digits are possible responses, combining Stroop-, flanker- and Simon-type interference. Interference trials reliably increase dorsal anterior cingulate BOLD activity in individual subjects.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/control/CTL-MSIT-001.yaml"},{"id":"CTL-PDM-001","name":"知觉决策（随机点运动，按试次）","english":"Perceptual decision making (random-dot motion, trial-based)","aliases":["Dot Motion","Dot Motion Task","Motion coherence discrimination","Perceptual decision making","RDK","Random Dot Kinematogram","Random dot motion task"],"family":"control","modalities":["EEG","intracortical"],"markers":["MK.CPP"],"description":"被试观看随机点运动图，其中一部分（比例可变）点一致运动，被试报告整体运动方向。感觉证据的累积反映在中央顶区正波（CPP）上，其上升速率与运动一致性成正比，并在决策时刻前后达到峰值。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants view a random-dot kinematogram in which a variable fraction of dots moves coherently and report the net motion direction. Sensory evidence accumulation is reflected in a centro-parietal positivity that builds up at a rate proportional to motion coherence and peaks around the decision.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/control/CTL-PDM-001.yaml"},{"id":"CTL-PDM-002","name":"连续监视随机点运动任务","english":"Continuous-monitoring random-dot motion task","aliases":["Continuous dot-motion detection"],"family":"control","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.CPP"],"description":"被试持续观看无一致运动的随机点画面，在不可预测的时刻、没有任何突然起始地出现一段一致运动，被试一旦察觉即报告其方向。由于证据开始时没有感觉瞬变，中央顶正波的累积过程可与刺激诱发活动分离。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants continuously watch an incoherent random-dot display, and at unpredictable times a period of coherent motion appears without any abrupt onset; they report its direction as soon as they detect it. Because evidence onset is not marked by a sensory transient, the build-up of the centro-parietal positivity can be isolated from stimulus-evoked activity.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/control/CTL-PDM-002.yaml"},{"id":"CTL-RAT-001","name":"远距离联想（创造力）","english":"Remote associates test","aliases":["RAT","Remote Associates"],"family":"control","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.alpha_posterior"],"description":"被试看到三个线索词，须找出能与每个词构成复合词或联想的第四个词，并常需报告答案是否通过顿悟获得。顿悟解答之前出现后部 α 功率的变化。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants are shown three cue words and must find a fourth word that forms a compound or association with each of them, often reporting whether the solution came by insight. Insight solutions are preceded by changes in posterior alpha power.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/control/CTL-RAT-001.yaml"},{"id":"CTL-RAVEN-001","name":"瑞文推理","english":"Raven's progressive matrices","aliases":["Progressive Matrices","RPM","Raven's","Raven's Progressive Matrices Test"],"family":"control","modalities":["fMRI","EEG"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_frontoparietal"],"description":"被试观看一个缺失一格的几何图案矩阵，依据其中的关系规则选出能补全矩阵的图块。解答矩阵问题激活 fMRI 中的外侧额顶网络，且随需要整合的关系数量增加而增强。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants view a matrix of geometric patterns with one cell missing and select the piece that completes it according to the underlying relational rules. Solving matrix problems engages a lateral frontoparietal network in fMRI, increasing with the number of relations to integrate.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/control/CTL-RAVEN-001.yaml"},{"id":"CTL-RNG-001","name":"随机数生成","english":"Random number generation","aliases":["RNG","Random generation task","Random letter generation"],"family":"control","modalities":["PET"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_dlPFC"],"description":"被试尽可能随机地生成一串数字（或字母），通常由声音提示节拍，这需要抑制如顺序计数之类的习惯性序列。随机生成增加背外侧前额叶血流，对该区域施加 TMS 会增加习惯性计数。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants generate a sequence of numbers (or letters) as randomly as possible, typically paced by a tone, which requires suppression of habitual sequences such as counting. Random generation increases dorsolateral prefrontal blood flow, and TMS over this region increases habitual counting.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/control/CTL-RNG-001.yaml"},{"id":"CTL-SART-001","name":"持续注意反应任务（SART）","english":"Sustained attention to response task","aliases":["SART","Sustained Attention to Response"],"family":"control","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.NoGo_P3","MK.alpha_posterior"],"description":"数字以固定的快速节奏呈现，被试对除罕见目标（如 3）以外的每个数字都要反应，因此抑制反应依赖于对原本自动化反应的持续注意。成功抑制的目标诱发 NoGo-P3，刺激前后部 α 功率与注意失误相关。","descriptionEnglish":"Digits are presented at a fixed rapid rate and participants respond to every digit except a rare target (e.g., 3), so that withholding requires sustained attention to an otherwise automatic response. Withheld targets elicit a NoGo-P3, and pre-stimulus posterior alpha power relates to attentional lapses.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/control/CTL-SART-001.yaml"},{"id":"CTL-SIM-001","name":"Simon 任务（听觉版）","english":"Simon task (auditory)","aliases":["Simon Effect Task","Simon effect","Spatial Compatibility","Spatial S-R compatibility task"],"family":"control","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.N2_frontocentral","MK.LRP"],"description":"被试对呈现于左耳或右耳的听觉刺激的非空间特征作左/右键反应，与任务无关的刺激侧别与反应侧一致或不一致。不一致试次反应变慢，并诱发额中央 N2 及先偏向错误手的偏侧化准备电位。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants respond with a left or right key to a non-spatial feature of an auditory stimulus presented to the left or right ear, while the task-irrelevant stimulus side corresponds or does not correspond to the response side. Non-corresponding trials slow responses and elicit a fronto-central N2 and an initial lateralised readiness potential towards the incorrect hand.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/control/CTL-SIM-001.yaml"},{"id":"CTL-SIM-002","name":"Simon 任务（视觉版）","english":"Simon task (visual)","aliases":["Visual Simon task"],"family":"control","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.N2_frontocentral","MK.LRP"],"description":"被试对出现在注视点左侧或右侧的刺激的颜色（或形状）作左/右键反应，与任务无关的刺激位置与反应侧一致或不一致。不一致试次反应变慢，并诱发额中央 N2 及先偏向错误手的偏侧化准备电位。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants respond with a left or right key to the colour (or shape) of a stimulus presented to the left or right of fixation, while the irrelevant stimulus location corresponds or not to the response side. Non-corresponding trials slow responses and elicit a fronto-central N2 and an initial lateralised readiness potential towards the incorrect hand.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/control/CTL-SIM-002.yaml"},{"id":"CTL-SST-001","name":"停止信号任务","english":"Stop-signal task","aliases":["Countermanding task","SST","Stop Signal","Stop Task","Stop-Signal","Stop-signal paradigm"],"family":"control","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.NoGo_P3","MK.rIFG_beta"],"description":"被试对 Go 刺激反应；在少数试次中，Go 刺激之后以可变延迟出现停止信号，要求被试取消已启动的反应，并依据竞赛模型估计停止信号反应时。成功停止诱发额中央的停止 P3，并伴随右额下回 β 频段活动。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants respond to a go stimulus, and on a minority of trials a stop signal follows after a variable delay, instructing them to cancel the response already initiated; stop-signal reaction time is estimated from a race model. Successful stopping elicits a fronto-central stop-P3 and is accompanied by right inferior frontal beta-band activity.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/control/CTL-SST-001.yaml"},{"id":"CTL-STR-001","name":"Stroop 任务（卡片版，口头命名）","english":"Stroop task (card version, vocal naming)","aliases":["CWIT","Color-Word Interference Test","Color-word interference task","Stroop","Stroop color-word task"],"family":"control","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.N450"],"description":"被试尽快口头命名一整张卡片或列表上颜色词的墨水颜色（词义与墨色不一致），与命名色块相比，多用的时间即为干扰量。神经记录多用单试次版本（CTL-STR-002），其中不一致试次诱发 N450。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants name aloud, as fast as possible, the ink colours of a list or card of colour words printed in incongruent colours, compared with naming colour patches; the extra time needed for the incongruent list measures interference. Neural recordings mostly use single-trial versions (CTL-STR-002), in which incongruent trials elicit the N450.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/control/CTL-STR-001.yaml"},{"id":"CTL-STR-002","name":"Stroop 任务（单试次计算机化颜色词）","english":"Stroop task (single-trial computerised colour-word)","aliases":["Manual Stroop","Single-trial Stroop","Computerised Stroop"],"family":"control","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.N450"],"description":"颜色词逐个以一致或不一致的墨水颜色呈现，被试在每个试次上报告墨色，通常按键（也可口头）。不一致试次反应变慢，并诱发约 450 ms 达峰的额中央负波（N450）。","descriptionEnglish":"Colour words are presented one at a time in a congruent or incongruent ink colour, and participants report the ink colour on each trial, usually by button press (or vocally). Incongruent trials slow responses and elicit a fronto-central negativity peaking around 450 ms (N450).","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/control/CTL-STR-002.yaml"},{"id":"CTL-SW-001","name":"任务切换（交替序列）","english":"Task switching (alternating runs)","aliases":["Alternating Runs","Alternating runs paradigm","Set Shifting","Task-switching paradigm"],"family":"control","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.frontal_midline_theta","MK.switch_positivity"],"description":"被试按可预测的顺序（如两次任务甲、两次任务乙）在同一刺激上交替完成两个简单任务，切换试次的反应慢于重复试次。切换试次伴随后部切换相关正波与额中线 θ 增强。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants alternate between two simple tasks on the same stimuli in a predictable sequence (e.g., two trials of one task, then two of the other), and responses are slower on switch than on repeat trials. Switch trials are associated with a posterior switch-related positivity and increased frontal midline theta.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/control/CTL-SW-001.yaml"},{"id":"CTL-SW-002","name":"线索提示任务切换","english":"Cued task switching","aliases":["Cued task switching","Cued task-switching paradigm","Explicit task cueing"],"family":"control","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.frontal_midline_theta","MK.switch_positivity"],"description":"每个刺激前呈现一个显式线索，告诉被试本试次完成两个任务中的哪一个，任务顺序随机，因而可分离线索加工、准备（线索–刺激间隔）与任务重构。切换试次慢于重复试次，并诱发线索锁时的切换正波与额中线 θ 增强。","descriptionEnglish":"An explicit cue presented before each stimulus tells the participant which of two tasks to perform, with the task sequence random, so that cue processing, preparation (cue-stimulus interval) and task reconfiguration can be separated. Switch trials are slower than repeat trials and elicit a cue-locked switch positivity and increased frontal midline theta.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/control/CTL-SW-002.yaml"},{"id":"CTL-SW-003","name":"自主任务切换","english":"Voluntary task switching","aliases":["Voluntary task-switching paradigm"],"family":"control","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.frontal_midline_theta"],"description":"被试在每个试次上自由选择完成两个任务中的哪一个，通常被要求两任务大致同样频繁、顺序随机，因而任务选择与切换代价反映内部产生的控制，而非外部线索。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants freely choose on each trial which of two tasks to perform, usually instructed to perform both about equally often and in a random order, so that task choice and switch costs reflect internally generated control rather than external cues.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/control/CTL-SW-003.yaml"},{"id":"CTL-SYLL-001","name":"三段论推理","english":"Syllogistic (deductive) reasoning","aliases":["Syllogism task","Deductive reasoning task","Belief-bias syllogisms"],"family":"control","modalities":["fMRI"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_frontoparietal"],"description":"被试判断三段论或其他演绎论证的结论是否在逻辑上由前提推出，论证内容可为具体、抽象或与信念相关。演绎推理激活分布式、偏左侧的额叶与顶叶网络，包括喙部前额叶。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants evaluate whether the conclusion of a syllogism or other deductive argument follows logically from its premises, with content that is concrete, abstract or belief-laden. Deductive inference engages a distributed left-lateralised frontal and parietal network, including rostral prefrontal cortex.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/control/CTL-SYLL-001.yaml"},{"id":"CTL-TOL-001","name":"伦敦塔（计划）","english":"Tower of London","aliases":["Shallice Tower Task","Stockings of Cambridge (CANTAB variant)","TOL","TOL-F"],"family":"control","modalities":["fMRI","fNIRS"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_dlPFC","MK.HbO_prefrontal"],"description":"被试规划以最少步数把木桩上的彩球从初始状态重排为目标状态，问题难度由所需步数决定。规划负荷增加 fMRI 中的背外侧前额叶活动，以及 fNIRS 中前额叶的氧合血红蛋白。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants plan the minimum sequence of moves needed to rearrange coloured balls on pegs from a start state into a goal state, with problem difficulty set by the number of moves. Planning load increases dorsolateral prefrontal activity in fMRI and prefrontal oxygenated haemoglobin in fNIRS.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/control/CTL-TOL-001.yaml"},{"id":"CTL-VBC-001","name":"基于价值的选择（支付意愿）","english":"Value-based choice (willingness to pay)","aliases":["Willingness-to-pay task","Food choice task","Becker-DeGroot-Marschak auction"],"family":"control","modalities":["fMRI"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_vmPFC_value"],"description":"饥饿的被试观看食物，并在激励相容的拍卖中出价表示愿意为每种食物支付多少，从而得到逐试次的主观目标价值指标。内侧眶额/腹内侧前额叶 BOLD 活动随支付意愿增加而升高。","descriptionEnglish":"Hungry participants view food items and bid how much they are willing to pay for each in an incentive-compatible auction, providing a trial-wise measure of subjective goal value. Medial orbitofrontal/ventromedial prefrontal BOLD activity scales with willingness to pay.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/control/CTL-VBC-001.yaml"},{"id":"CTL-WASON-001","name":"Wason 选择任务","english":"Wason selection task","aliases":["Card Selection Task","Wason"],"family":"control","modalities":["fMRI"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_dlPFC"],"description":"被试看到四张卡片和一条条件规则（“如果 P 则 Q”），须选出需要翻开以检验规则是否成立的卡片；成绩强烈依赖规则内容。该任务的神经影像研究报告基于规则推理时外侧前额叶的活动。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants are shown four cards and a conditional rule ('if P then Q') and must select the cards that need to be turned over to test whether the rule holds; performance depends strongly on rule content. Neuroimaging studies of the task report lateral prefrontal activity during rule-based reasoning.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/control/CTL-WASON-001.yaml"},{"id":"CTL-WCST-001","name":"威斯康星卡片分类","english":"Wisconsin Card Sorting Test","aliases":["Card Sorting Task","WCST"],"family":"control","modalities":["EEG","fMRI","fNIRS"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_dlPFC","MK.P3b","MK.HbO_prefrontal"],"description":"被试按颜色、形状或数量对卡片分类，分类规则须从对/错反馈中推断，连续正确若干次后规则会无提示地改变。规则转换激活背外侧前额叶（fMRI、fNIRS），提示需要转换的反馈诱发 P3。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants sort cards by colour, shape or number according to a rule they must infer from right/wrong feedback, and the rule changes without warning after a run of correct sorts. Rule shifts engage dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (fMRI, fNIRS), and feedback signalling a shift elicits a P3.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/control/CTL-WCST-001.yaml"},{"id":"EMO-APRIME-001","name":"情感（评价）启动","english":"Affective (evaluative) priming","aliases":["Evaluative Priming"],"family":"emotion","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.N400","MK.LPP"],"description":"短暂呈现的启动词或图片之后出现靶刺激，被试判断其为正性或负性；启动与靶刺激效价一致时反应更快。效价不一致的靶刺激诱发更大的 N400，并调制晚期正电位。","descriptionEnglish":"A briefly presented prime word or picture is followed by a target that participants classify as positive or negative; responses are faster when prime and target share valence. Valence-incongruent targets elicit a larger N400 and modulate the late positive potential.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/emotion/EMO-APRIME-001.yaml"},{"id":"EMO-AUTO-001","name":"自传体回忆情绪诱发","english":"Autobiographical recall emotion induction","aliases":["AMI","Autobiographical Memory Interview","Autobiographical Memory Test","Cue-Word Autobiographical Memory Task","Galton-Crovitz Task","autobiographical memory recall","emotional recall induction","personal imagery induction"],"family":"emotion","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.affective_band_power","MK.BOLD_amygdala"],"description":"被试在无外部情绪刺激的条件下提取并重新体验个人记忆，通常由线索词或事先准备的脚本引导。回忆情绪性与中性事件的差异体现在杏仁核 BOLD 与脑电频段功率的调制上。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants retrieve and relive personal memories, typically cued by words or by scripts prepared beforehand, without external affective stimuli. Recall of emotional versus neutral episodes modulates amygdala BOLD and EEG band power.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/emotion/EMO-AUTO-001.yaml"},{"id":"EMO-DOT-001","name":"点探测注意偏向任务","english":"Dot-probe task","aliases":["Attentional Probe","Visual Probe Task","attentional bias task","dot-probe"],"family":"emotion","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.N2pc","MK.P1_visual"],"description":"两个线索（一个情绪性如威胁性、一个中性）短暂呈现于两个位置，随后探测刺激替换其中之一；对出现在情绪线索位置的探测刺激反应更快，即为注意偏向。在脑电中，情绪线索诱发 N2pc，并调制随后探测刺激的 P1。","descriptionEnglish":"Two cues, one emotional (e.g. threatening) and one neutral, appear briefly at two locations, and a probe then replaces one of them; faster responses to probes at the emotional location index attentional bias. In EEG, the emotional cue elicits an N2pc and modulates the P1 to the subsequent probe.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/emotion/EMO-DOT-001.yaml"},{"id":"EMO-EST-001","name":"情绪 Stroop","english":"Emotional Stroop","aliases":["Affective Stroop","eStroop","emotional Stroop"],"family":"emotion","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.LPP","MK.N2_frontocentral"],"description":"被试对情绪词和中性词的书写颜色进行命名；情绪词命名变慢反映了词义对注意的捕获，而非颜色—词义的反应冲突。情绪词增强 LPP，并调制额中央 N2。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants name the ink colour of emotionally charged and neutral words; slower naming for emotional words reflects attentional capture by word meaning rather than colour-word response conflict. Emotional words enhance the LPP and modulate the fronto-central N2.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/emotion/EMO-EST-001.yaml"},{"id":"EMO-FACE-001","name":"情绪面孔加工","english":"Emotional face processing","aliases":["Ekman Faces Task","Facial Emotion Recognition","emotional face viewing","facial expression processing"],"family":"emotion","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.N170","MK.EPN","MK.BOLD_amygdala"],"description":"逐张呈现带有情绪或中性表情的面孔照片，被试被动观看或完成与表情无关的任务（如检测重复或靶刺激）。情绪表情调制脑电中的 N170 与早期后部负波，并增强杏仁核 BOLD。","descriptionEnglish":"Photographs of faces with emotional or neutral expressions are presented one at a time, with passive viewing or an orthogonal task such as detecting a repeated or target stimulus. Emotional expressions modulate the N170 and the early posterior negativity in EEG and increase amygdala BOLD.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/emotion/EMO-FACE-001.yaml"},{"id":"EMO-FACE-002","name":"情绪面孔匹配任务（Hariri）","english":"Emotional face matching task (Hariri)","aliases":["Hariri face matching task","faces-shapes matching task","emotion processing fMRI task"],"family":"emotion","modalities":["fMRI"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_amygdala"],"description":"以组块形式进行：被试从屏幕下方两张面孔中选出与上方面孔表情（愤怒或恐惧）相同的一张，与匹配几何图形的组块交替进行。与图形组块相比，面孔组块增强杏仁核 BOLD。","descriptionEnglish":"In blocks, participants choose which of two faces at the bottom of the screen matches the expression of a face at the top (angry or fearful faces), alternating with blocks in which they match geometric shapes. Face blocks increase amygdala BOLD relative to shape blocks.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/emotion/EMO-FACE-002.yaml"},{"id":"EMO-FC-001","name":"巴甫洛夫恐惧条件化","english":"Pavlovian fear conditioning","aliases":["Classical Conditioning","FC","Fear Conditioning","Pavlovian fear conditioning","fear acquisition and extinction","threat conditioning"],"family":"emotion","modalities":["fMRI","EEG"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_amygdala"],"description":"在一次实验中，中性条件刺激（CS+）多次与轻微电击或强噪声等厌恶性无条件刺激配对，对照刺激（CS-）从不配对，其后可接无电击的消退阶段。CS+ 与 CS- 的差异反应包括习得阶段杏仁核 BOLD 的变化。","descriptionEnglish":"In one session, a neutral conditioned stimulus (CS+) is repeatedly paired with an aversive unconditioned stimulus such as a mild shock or loud noise, while a control stimulus (CS-) is never paired, and an extinction phase without shocks may follow. Differential CS+ > CS- responses include amygdala BOLD changes during acquisition.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/emotion/EMO-FC-001.yaml"},{"id":"EMO-FC-002","name":"恐惧泛化（CS 相似度梯度）","english":"Fear generalization (graded CS similarity)","aliases":["fear generalization gradient"],"family":"emotion","modalities":["fMRI","EEG"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_amygdala"],"description":"在差别条件化之后，呈现一组在 CS+ 与 CS- 之间按相似度逐级变化的泛化刺激（如大小分级的圆环），比较沿相似度梯度的反应。神经与自主反应随与 CS+ 相似度的降低而减弱。","descriptionEnglish":"After differential conditioning, a set of generalization stimuli that vary stepwise in similarity between the CS+ and the CS- (for example rings of graded size) is presented, and responses are compared along the similarity gradient. Neural and autonomic responses decline with decreasing similarity to the CS+.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/emotion/EMO-FC-002.yaml"},{"id":"EMO-FC-003","name":"两日恐惧条件化与消退回忆","english":"Two-day fear conditioning with extinction recall","aliases":["extinction recall paradigm"],"family":"emotion","modalities":["fMRI","EEG"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_amygdala","MK.frontal_midline_theta"],"description":"第一天，CS+ 与厌恶刺激配对并随后消退；在之后的某一天再次呈现 CS（不给电击），检验消退记忆的回忆。消退回忆涉及腹内侧前额叶与杏仁核活动及额中线 θ。","descriptionEnglish":"On day 1 a CS+ is paired with an aversive stimulus and then extinguished; on a later day the CS is presented again without shocks to test recall of extinction. Extinction recall involves ventromedial prefrontal and amygdala activity and frontomedial theta.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/emotion/EMO-FC-003.yaml"},{"id":"EMO-FILM-001","name":"影片片段离散情绪诱发","english":"Film-clip discrete emotion elicitation","aliases":["film-clip emotion induction","movie-induced emotion","emotional film elicitation","music-video emotion elicitation","music video affect induction","music-evoked emotion"],"family":"emotion","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.frontal_alpha_asymmetry","MK.affective_band_power"],"description":"被试观看经过验证的影片片段，每段用于诱发一种离散情绪（如愉悦、悲伤、恐惧、厌恶）或中性状态，每段之后报告情绪体验。持续的情绪状态以额叶 α 不对称与各频段功率模式为指标。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants watch validated film clips, each chosen to elicit one discrete emotion such as amusement, sadness, fear or disgust, or a neutral state, and report their emotional experience after each clip. Sustained affective states are indexed by frontal alpha asymmetry and by band-power patterns across frequency bands.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/emotion/EMO-FILM-001.yaml"},{"id":"EMO-FILM-002","name":"音乐视频情绪诱发（维度评定）","english":"Music-video emotion elicitation with dimensional ratings","aliases":["DEAP paradigm","music video emotion elicitation"],"family":"emotion","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.frontal_alpha_asymmetry","MK.affective_band_power"],"description":"被试观看一分钟的音乐视频片段，每段之后评定唤醒度、效价、优势度、喜爱度与熟悉度；连续评分通常被划分为高、低两类用于脑电解码。效价与唤醒度与额叶 α 不对称及各频段功率模式有关。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants watch one-minute excerpts of music videos and after each one rate arousal, valence, dominance, liking and familiarity; the continuous ratings are usually split into high and low classes for EEG decoding. Valence and arousal relate to frontal alpha asymmetry and band-power patterns.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/emotion/EMO-FILM-002.yaml"},{"id":"EMO-FILM-003","name":"影片片段三分类效价诱发（SEED）","english":"Film-clip three-class valence elicitation (SEED)","aliases":["SEED paradigm"],"family":"emotion","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.frontal_alpha_asymmetry","MK.affective_band_power"],"description":"被试观看用于诱发正性、中性或负性情绪的影片片段，每段前有简短提示，之后进行自评与休息；实验在不同日期重复进行。利用各频段的脑电微分熵与功率特征对三类情绪进行分类。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants watch film clips selected to induce positive, neutral or negative emotion, each preceded by a short hint and followed by self-assessment and rest, and the session is repeated on different days. EEG differential-entropy and band-power features across frequency bands are used to classify the three classes.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/emotion/EMO-FILM-003.yaml"},{"id":"EMO-FILM-004","name":"影片片段四分类情绪诱发（SEED-IV）","english":"Film-clip four-class emotion elicitation (SEED-IV)","aliases":["SEED-IV paradigm"],"family":"emotion","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.frontal_alpha_asymmetry","MK.affective_band_power"],"description":"被试观看用于诱发快乐、悲伤、恐惧或中性状态的影片片段，同时记录脑电与眼动，每段后评定情绪。利用脑电各频段功率与眼动特征对四类情绪进行分类。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants watch film clips selected to induce happiness, sadness, fear or a neutral state, with EEG and eye movements recorded, and rate their emotion after each clip. EEG band-power and eye-movement features are used to classify the four classes.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/emotion/EMO-FILM-004.yaml"},{"id":"EMO-HUMOR-001","name":"幽默欣赏","english":"Humor appreciation","aliases":["humor appreciation","funny cartoons paradigm","joke comprehension"],"family":"emotion","modalities":["fMRI"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_striatum_reward"],"description":"被试观看有趣与匹配的无趣漫画或笑话，并评定其有趣程度。幽默材料激活中脑边缘奖赏脑区，其中腹侧纹状体 BOLD 随评定的有趣程度变化。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants view funny and matched non-funny cartoons or jokes and rate their funniness. Humorous items engage mesolimbic reward regions, including ventral striatum BOLD that scales with rated funniness.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/emotion/EMO-HUMOR-001.yaml"},{"id":"EMO-IAPS-001","name":"情绪图片观看","english":"Affective picture viewing","aliases":["IAPS Viewing","LPP paradigm","Passive Viewing Task","affective picture viewing"],"family":"emotion","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.LPP","MK.EPN","MK.BOLD_amygdala"],"description":"被试观看愉快、不愉快和中性图片（通常取自国际情绪图片系统 IAPS），每张数秒，常随后进行效价与唤醒度评分。高唤醒图片在脑电中诱发更大的早期后部负波（EPN）与晚期正电位（LPP），并增强杏仁核 BOLD。","descriptionEnglish":"Pleasant, unpleasant and neutral pictures, typically from the International Affective Picture System, are viewed for a few seconds each, often followed by valence and arousal ratings. Arousing pictures elicit a larger early posterior negativity and late positive potential in EEG and increase amygdala BOLD.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/emotion/EMO-IAPS-001.yaml"},{"id":"EMO-MID-001","name":"金钱激励延迟任务","english":"Monetary incentive delay task","aliases":["MID","MID task","Monetary Incentive Delay","SID","Social Incentive Delay"],"family":"emotion","modalities":["fMRI","EEG"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_striatum_reward","MK.FRN"],"description":"线索提示本试次可能获得金钱、损失金钱或无激励；延迟后被试对靶刺激快速反应，随后反馈结果。奖赏预期激活腹侧纹状体 BOLD，结果反馈在脑电中诱发 FRN／奖赏正波。","descriptionEnglish":"A cue signals whether a potential monetary gain, loss or no incentive is at stake; after a delay the participant responds quickly to a target, and feedback reports the outcome. Reward anticipation recruits ventral striatal BOLD, and outcome feedback elicits the FRN / reward positivity in EEG.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/emotion/EMO-MID-001.yaml"},{"id":"EMO-MID-002","name":"社会激励延迟任务","english":"Social incentive delay task","aliases":["SID task","social incentive delay"],"family":"emotion","modalities":["fMRI","EEG"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_striatum_reward"],"description":"与金钱激励延迟任务相同，线索提示对随后靶刺激的快速反应能否获得奖励，但奖励是社会性的：成功试次之后出现微笑或赞许的面孔而非金钱。对社会奖赏的预期激活腹侧纹状体 BOLD。","descriptionEnglish":"As in the monetary incentive delay task, a cue announces whether a fast response to an upcoming target can earn a reward, but the incentive is social: successful trials are followed by a smiling or approving face instead of money. Anticipation of social reward recruits ventral striatal BOLD.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/emotion/EMO-MID-002.yaml"},{"id":"EMO-REG-001","name":"情绪调节（认知重评）","english":"Emotion regulation (cognitive reappraisal)","aliases":["Cognitive Reappraisal Task","ER Task","instructed emotion regulation","look-vs-reappraise"],"family":"emotion","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.LPP"],"description":"每个试次先出现指导语（注视或重评），随后呈现负性图片；被试或自然观看，或重新解释图片含义以减弱情绪反应，然后评定情绪。与注视条件相比，对不愉快图片的重评降低晚期正电位。","descriptionEnglish":"On each trial an instruction (attend or reappraise) precedes a negative picture, and participants either attend naturally or reinterpret its meaning to reduce their emotional response, then rate their affect. Reappraisal of unpleasant pictures reduces the late positive potential relative to the attend condition.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/emotion/EMO-REG-001.yaml"},{"id":"EMO-REG-002","name":"认知重评与表达抑制对比","english":"Reappraisal versus expressive suppression","aliases":["reappraisal and suppression task"],"family":"emotion","modalities":["fMRI","EEG"],"markers":["MK.LPP","MK.BOLD_amygdala"],"description":"指导语要求被试自然观看负性刺激、对其进行重评，或抑制情绪的外部表达，从而比较两种调节策略之间及其与观看条件的差异。重评与抑制在前额叶激活的时程及对杏仁核反应的影响上不同。","descriptionEnglish":"Instruction cues ask participants to watch a negative stimulus naturally, to reappraise it, or to suppress any outward expression of emotion, so that two regulation strategies are compared with each other and with watching. Reappraisal and suppression differ in the timing of prefrontal recruitment and in their effect on amygdala responses.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/emotion/EMO-REG-002.yaml"},{"id":"EMO-SOUND-001","name":"情绪声音与语音韵律","english":"Emotional sounds and vocal prosody","aliases":["IADS sounds","affective vocalizations","emotional prosody"],"family":"emotion","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.P2_auditory","MK.LPP"],"description":"呈现情绪性与中性的非言语发声、环境声音或带情绪韵律的语句，任务为被动聆听或情绪识别。情绪韵律调制听觉 P200 及其后的晚期正成分。","descriptionEnglish":"Emotional and neutral non-verbal vocalizations, environmental sounds or sentences spoken with emotional prosody are presented, with passive listening or emotion identification. Emotional prosody modulates the auditory P200 and later positivities.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/emotion/EMO-SOUND-001.yaml"},{"id":"EMO-STRESS-001","name":"特里尔社会应激测试（TSST）","english":"Trier Social Stress Test (TSST)","aliases":["MIST","Montreal Imaging Stress Task","TSST","Trier Social Stress Test"],"family":"emotion","modalities":["EEG","fMRI","fNIRS"],"markers":["MK.frontal_alpha_asymmetry","MK.HbO_prefrontal"],"description":"被试在不给予支持性反馈的评价小组面前准备并发表自由演讲，然后大声进行连续减法；前后各有基线与恢复期。急性应激伴随额叶 α 不对称与前额叶 HbO 的变化。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants prepare and deliver a free speech and then perform serial subtraction aloud in front of an evaluative panel that gives no supportive feedback, with baseline and recovery periods before and after. Acute stress is accompanied by changes in frontal alpha asymmetry and prefrontal HbO.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/emotion/EMO-STRESS-001.yaml"},{"id":"EMO-STRESS-002","name":"蒙特利尔影像应激任务（MIST）","english":"Montreal Imaging Stress Task (MIST)","aliases":["MIST"],"family":"emotion","modalities":["fMRI","EEG"],"markers":["MK.HbO_prefrontal"],"description":"被试在扫描仪内完成心算，分三个条件：休息；无时间限制的控制条件；难度与时限自适应调整、使正确率保持较低的实验条件，并给出“正确／错误／超时”反馈及与平均成绩比较的显示。各轮之间研究者的反馈增加社会评价成分。","descriptionEnglish":"In the scanner, participants solve mental arithmetic problems in three conditions: rest, a control condition without time limits, and an experimental condition whose difficulty and time limit are adapted to keep accuracy low, with correct/incorrect/timeout feedback and a display comparing their performance with an average. Social evaluation is added by investigator feedback between runs.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/emotion/EMO-STRESS-002.yaml"},{"id":"EMO-THREAT-001","name":"NPU 电击威胁测试","english":"NPU threat-of-shock test","aliases":["threat of shock","NPU-threat","anticipatory anxiety paradigm","instructed threat"],"family":"emotion","modalities":["fMRI"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_amygdala","MK.BOLD_anterior_insula"],"description":"线索或情境提示在某段时间内可能以可预测、不可预测的方式施加厌恶性电击或不会施加，实际电击很少或从不施加。短时与持续威胁产生不同的 BOLD 响应，包括杏仁核与前岛叶激活。","descriptionEnglish":"Cues or contexts signal periods in which an aversive electric shock may be delivered predictably, unpredictably or not at all, and shocks are rarely or never actually given. Phasic and sustained threat produce distinct BOLD responses, including amygdala and anterior insula activation.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/emotion/EMO-THREAT-001.yaml"},{"id":"EMO-TOUCH-001","name":"情感触觉（C 触觉纤维最适触摸）","english":"Affective (CT-optimal) touch","aliases":["affective touch","pleasant touch","CT-afferent touch","gentle stroking"],"family":"emotion","modalities":["fMRI"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_posterior_insula"],"description":"以缓慢轻柔的刷触刺激有毛皮肤（优先激活无髓鞘的 C 触觉传入纤维），并与较快刷触或无毛皮肤刺激比较。C 触觉最适触摸激活后岛叶皮层。","descriptionEnglish":"Slow, gentle brush strokes on hairy skin, which preferentially activate unmyelinated C-tactile afferents, are compared with faster strokes or stimulation of glabrous skin. CT-optimal touch activates the posterior insular cortex.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/emotion/EMO-TOUCH-001.yaml"},{"id":"EMO-WORD-001","name":"情绪词阅读","english":"Emotional word reading","aliases":["emotional words","emotional word processing"],"family":"emotion","modalities":["EEG","MEG"],"markers":["MK.EPN","MK.LPP"],"description":"在默读或词汇、评价任务中呈现正性、负性和中性情绪词，常以快速序列呈现。情绪词在出现后约 200–300 毫秒诱发增强的早期后部负波，并诱发更大的晚期正电位。","descriptionEnglish":"Emotionally positive, negative and neutral words are presented, often in rapid streams, during silent reading or a lexical or evaluative task. Emotional words elicit an enhanced early posterior negativity about 200-300 ms after onset and a larger late positive potential.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/emotion/EMO-WORD-001.yaml"},{"id":"ERR-AAF-001","name":"音高偏移听觉反馈（言语运动误差）","english":"Pitch-shifted auditory feedback during vocalization","aliases":["Altered auditory feedback","AAF","Pitch-shift paradigm","Pitch perturbation"],"family":"error","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.N1_auditory","MK.P2_auditory"],"description":"被试持续发元音或说话，同时通过耳机听到自己的声音，反馈的音高被短暂上调或下调，形成感觉预测误差并引发代偿性发声反应。音高偏移诱发听觉 N1 与 P2，当偏移时间可预测时其波幅降低。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants sustain a vowel or speak while hearing their own voice through headphones, and the pitch of the feedback is briefly shifted up or down, producing a sensory prediction error that triggers a compensatory vocal response. Pitch shifts elicit auditory N1 and P2 responses whose amplitudes are reduced when the timing of the shift is predictable.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/error/ERR-AAF-001.yaml"},{"id":"ERR-ADAPT-001","name":"运动适应（视觉旋转）","english":"Visuomotor adaptation","aliases":["Cursor rotation adaptation","Visuomotor adaptation task","Visuomotor rotation"],"family":"error","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.FRN","MK.ErrP"],"description":"被试向视觉目标做伸手或光标运动，代表手位置的光标相对实际运动方向被旋转，被试逐渐调整运动以抵消施加的感觉误差。揭示感觉预测误差的反馈诱发反馈锁时的事件相关电位，如错误相关电位与 P300。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants make reaching or cursor movements towards visual targets while the cursor representing the hand is rotated relative to the actual hand direction, and gradually adapt their movements to cancel the imposed sensory error. Feedback revealing the sensory prediction error elicits feedback-locked ERPs such as error-related potentials and a P300.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/error/ERR-ADAPT-001.yaml"},{"id":"ERR-ADAPT-002","name":"基于奖赏的运动学习（二值反馈）","english":"Reward-based motor learning (binary feedback)","aliases":["Reward-based reaching task"],"family":"error","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.FRN","MK.P3b"],"description":"被试做伸手运动时看不到手的位置，只获得成功/失败的二值反馈（目标变绿或变红），因而依据奖赏而非感觉误差调整运动。二值奖赏反馈诱发反馈相关负波与 P300。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants make reaching movements without seeing their hand position and receive only binary success/failure feedback (the target turns green or red), so that movements are adapted from reward rather than sensory error. Binary reward feedback elicits a feedback-related negativity and a P300.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/error/ERR-ADAPT-002.yaml"},{"id":"ERR-APC-001","name":"食欲性巴甫洛夫条件化（时间差分预测误差）","english":"Appetitive Pavlovian conditioning (reward prediction error)","aliases":["Appetitive classical conditioning","Reward conditioning","TD prediction-error paradigm"],"family":"error","modalities":["fMRI"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_striatum_reward"],"description":"视觉条件刺激与愉快味觉（如果汁）的给予配对，偶尔省略或意外给予奖赏以产生奖赏预测误差。腹侧纹状体（及眶额）BOLD 活动遵循时间差分预测误差信号，随着学习从奖赏给予时刻转移到线索出现时刻。","descriptionEnglish":"Visual conditioned stimuli are paired with delivery of a pleasant taste (e.g., juice), and occasional omissions or unexpected deliveries create reward prediction errors. Ventral striatal (and orbitofrontal) BOLD activity follows a temporal-difference prediction-error signal that shifts from reward delivery to cue onset with learning.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/error/ERR-APC-001.yaml"},{"id":"ERR-AWARE-001","name":"错误觉知（选择任务 + 正确性判断）","english":"Error awareness (choice task with accuracy judgements)","aliases":["Aware vs unaware errors","Error awareness paradigm","Error signaling task"],"family":"error","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.Pe"],"description":"被试完成快速手动选择任务，并在每次反应后判断该反应是否正确，从而把错误分为觉察到的（被报告的）与未觉察的两类。错误正波（Pe）在觉察到的错误上大于未觉察的错误，而更早出现的 ERN 在两类错误间差异较小。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants perform a speeded manual choice task and, after each response, judge whether it was correct, so that errors can be sorted into aware (signalled) and unaware ones. The error positivity (Pe) is larger for aware than for unaware errors, whereas the earlier ERN differs less between them.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/error/ERR-AWARE-001.yaml"},{"id":"ERR-AWARE-002","name":"反向眼跳任务中的错误觉知","english":"Error awareness in the antisaccade task","aliases":["Antisaccade error-awareness task","Saccade error signalling"],"family":"error","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.Pe","MK.ERN"],"description":"被试完成反向眼跳任务，并在每个试次后报告是否误向目标扫视。许多反射性扫视错误未被察觉；Pe 只在被报告的错误上明显出现，而 ERN 在两类错误上都会出现。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants perform an antisaccade task and signal after each trial whether they made an erroneous saccade towards the target. Many reflexive saccade errors go unnoticed; the Pe is present for signalled but largely absent for unsignalled errors, whereas the ERN occurs for both.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/error/ERR-AWARE-002.yaml"},{"id":"ERR-AWARE-003","name":"错误觉知任务（EAT）","english":"Error Awareness Task (EAT)","aliases":["Error Awareness Task","EAT"],"family":"error","modalities":["fMRI"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_frontoparietal"],"description":"以颜色词为刺激的改良 Go/NoGo 任务：被试对一致颜色词按键，对两类 NoGo 试次（与上一试次重复的词、颜色不一致的词）抑制反应；若察觉自己误按，在下一试次按另一个\"错误报告\"键。被察觉的误按错误伴随前额与顶叶激活。","descriptionEnglish":"A modified Go/NoGo task with colour words: participants respond to congruent colour words and withhold to two types of NoGo trials (a word repeated on successive trials, or a word in an incongruent colour). They press a separate error-signalling button on the trial after a commission error they noticed. Aware commission errors are associated with prefrontal and parietal activation.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/error/ERR-AWARE-003.yaml"},{"id":"ERR-BANDIT-001","name":"多臂老虎机（探索-利用）","english":"Multi-armed bandit","aliases":["Bandit Task","Explore-exploit task","K-Armed Bandit","MAB","Restless bandit","Volatile bandit","n-armed bandit"],"family":"error","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.FRN","MK.BOLD_frontopolar"],"description":"每个试次中，被试在若干个回报会漂移或不确定的选项（摇臂）之间选择，在利用已知最佳选项与探索其他选项之间权衡。结果反馈诱发 FRN/奖赏正波，fMRI 中探索性选择激活额极皮层。","descriptionEnglish":"On each trial participants choose among several options (arms) whose reward payoffs drift or are uncertain, trading off exploitation of the best-known option against exploration of others. Outcome feedback elicits the FRN/reward positivity, and exploratory choices engage frontopolar cortex in fMRI.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/error/ERR-BANDIT-001.yaml"},{"id":"ERR-CAUS-001","name":"因果学习","english":"Causal learning","aliases":["Allergy Prediction Task","Causal Induction Task","Causal Judgment Task","Contingency Judgment Task","Contingency Learning Task","Delta-P Task"],"family":"error","modalities":["fMRI"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_dlPFC"],"description":"被试观察或自行产生线索与结果事件序列（如食物与过敏反应），并判断线索在多大程度上导致结果，二者之间的统计关联性被系统操纵。fMRI 研究报告外侧前额叶存在与预测误差和关联性相关的活动。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants observe or produce sequences of cue and outcome events (e.g., foods and allergic reactions) and judge how strongly a cue causes the outcome, with the statistical contingency between them manipulated. In fMRI, prediction-error and contingency-related activity is reported in lateral prefrontal cortex.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/error/ERR-CAUS-001.yaml"},{"id":"ERR-CHGPT-001","name":"预测推断任务（变点条件）","english":"Predictive inference task (change-point condition)","aliases":["Helicopter task","Cannon task","Change-point task","Predictive inference task"],"family":"error","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.P3b"],"description":"每个试次被试预测下一个结果的位置，然后观察实际结果；结果分布的均值会在无提示的变点处突变，因而可测量逐试次学习率。出乎意料的结果诱发反馈锁时的 P300，其幅度与随后的信念更新有关。","descriptionEnglish":"On each trial participants predict where the next outcome will fall, then observe the outcome drawn from a distribution whose mean shifts abruptly at unsignalled change points, so that trial-wise learning rates can be measured. Surprising outcomes elicit a feedback-locked P300 whose amplitude relates to subsequent belief updating.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/error/ERR-CHGPT-001.yaml"},{"id":"ERR-CHGPT-002","name":"预测推断任务（oddball 条件）","english":"Predictive inference task (oddball condition)","aliases":["Oddball predictive inference"],"family":"error","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.P3b"],"description":"预测推断任务增加一种生成条件：结果均值缓慢漂移，偶尔从宽分布中抽出应被忽略的离群值（oddball），与\"出乎意料即意味着变化\"的变点条件对比。反馈锁时 P300 在变点条件下与信念更新正相关，在 oddball 条件下负相关。","descriptionEnglish":"The predictive inference task is run with an additional generative condition in which the outcome mean drifts slowly and occasional outliers (oddballs) are drawn from a broad distribution and should be ignored, contrasted with the change-point condition in which surprising outcomes signal a shift. The feedback-locked P300 relates positively to updating in the change-point condition and negatively in the oddball condition.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/error/ERR-CHGPT-002.yaml"},{"id":"ERR-ERRP-001","name":"交互式错误电位（离散用户指令）","english":"Interaction error-related potentials (discrete user commands)","aliases":["Interaction ErrP","error-related potentials in BCI","iErrP"],"family":"error","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.ErrP"],"description":"用户以离散指令（如按键）移动光标接近目标，界面偶尔执行与用户意图不符的动作。这类界面错误在错误反馈之后诱发额中央的交互式错误电位（ErrP），可在单试次上检测，用于纠正或自适应调整脑机接口。","descriptionEnglish":"The user issues discrete commands (e.g., key presses) to move a cursor towards a target, and the interface occasionally executes an action other than the one intended. Such interface errors elicit a fronto-central error-related potential (interaction ErrP) time-locked to the erroneous feedback, which can be detected on single trials and used to correct or adapt a BCI.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/error/ERR-ERRP-001.yaml"},{"id":"ERR-ERRP-002","name":"监视型错误电位（自主运行设备）","english":"Monitoring error-related potentials (autonomous device)","aliases":["Monitoring ErrP","Observation ErrP"],"family":"error","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.ErrP"],"description":"用户不发出指令，只观看设备（如光标）自主向目标移动；部分步骤中设备朝错误方向移动。错误移动诱发额中央错误相关电位，可在单试次上检测，并作为强化信号让设备学习。","descriptionEnglish":"The user does not issue commands but watches a device (e.g., a cursor) move autonomously towards a target; on a proportion of steps the device moves in the wrong direction. Erroneous movements elicit a fronto-central error-related potential that can be detected on single trials and used to teach the device by reinforcement.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/error/ERR-ERRP-002.yaml"},{"id":"ERR-ERRP-003","name":"P300 拼写器反馈错误电位","english":"Error-related potentials to P300-speller feedback","aliases":["BCI Challenge @ NER 2015","Speller ErrP"],"family":"error","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.ErrP"],"description":"用户使用在线 P300 拼写器，每次选择后看到拼写器选出的字符。与目标字符不符的选择是真实的 BCI 错误，在反馈后诱发错误相关电位，检测它可撤销或纠正该选择。","descriptionEnglish":"Users spell with an online P300 speller and, after each selection, see the character chosen by the speller. Selections that differ from the intended character are genuine BCI errors and elicit an error-related potential to the feedback, which can be detected to cancel or correct the selection.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/error/ERR-ERRP-003.yaml"},{"id":"ERR-ERRP-004","name":"连续反馈中的错误电位","english":"Error-related potentials during continuous feedback","aliases":["Continuous ErrP"],"family":"error","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.ErrP"],"description":"用户在简单电子游戏中连续控制光标并获得连续视觉反馈。在不可预测的时刻引入执行错误（反馈偏离用户输入）与结果错误（未达成动作目标），二者在没有试次划分的情况下诱发错误相关电位。","descriptionEnglish":"Users continuously control a cursor in a simple video game and receive continuous visual feedback. Execution errors (the feedback deviates from the user's input) and outcome errors (the action goal is not achieved) are introduced at unpredictable times and elicit error-related potentials without trial segmentation.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/error/ERR-ERRP-004.yaml"},{"id":"ERR-GAM-001","name":"赌博与奖赏反馈","english":"Gambling / reward feedback","aliases":["FRN paradigm","RewP paradigm","Reward feedback paradigm","Simple gambling task","Feedback Block","Performance Feedback","Score Screen","Trial Feedback"],"family":"error","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.FRN"],"description":"被试做出简单选择（如在两扇门或两张牌中选一个），随后获得基本与表现无关的金钱得失反馈。与获益反馈相比，损失反馈诱发额中央的反馈相关负波（等价地说，获益诱发奖赏正波）。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants make simple choices (e.g., between two doors or cards) and then receive monetary gain or loss feedback that is largely independent of performance. Loss feedback elicits a fronto-central feedback-related negativity relative to gain feedback (equivalently, gains elicit a reward positivity).","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/error/ERR-GAM-001.yaml"},{"id":"ERR-GAM-002","name":"门选择猜测任务（doors task）","english":"Doors guessing task","aliases":["Doors task","Simple guessing task"],"family":"error","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.FRN"],"description":"每个试次被试看到两扇门并选择其一，随后得到金钱收益（向上绿色箭头）或损失（向下红色箭头）的反馈，得失各占一半试次，收益约为损失的两倍。收益反馈相对损失反馈诱发奖赏正波；该任务被广泛用作临床生物标记范式。","descriptionEnglish":"On each trial participants see two doors, pick one, and receive feedback of a monetary gain (upward green arrow) or loss (downward red arrow), each on half of the trials, with gains about twice the size of losses. Gain feedback elicits a reward positivity relative to loss feedback; the task is widely used as a clinical biomarker paradigm.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/error/ERR-GAM-002.yaml"},{"id":"ERR-GAM-003","name":"被动老虎机结果","english":"Passive slot-machine outcomes","aliases":["Slot-machine task","No-choice gambling"],"family":"error","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.FRN"],"description":"被试观看计算机生成的老虎机给出收益或损失结果，结果与自身任何选择无关。结果反馈仍诱发反馈相关负波，从而把结果评价与动作选择分开。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants watch a computer-generated slot machine deliver gain or loss outcomes that are not contingent on any choice of their own. Outcome feedback still elicits a feedback-related negativity, allowing outcome evaluation to be separated from action selection.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/error/ERR-GAM-003.yaml"},{"id":"ERR-INST-001","name":"工具性条件化","english":"Instrumental conditioning","aliases":["Instrumental Learning","Operant Conditioning","PIT","Pavlovian-Instrumental Transfer"],"family":"error","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.FRN","MK.BOLD_striatum_reward"],"description":"被试通过试错学习哪些动作会带来奖赏（或避免厌恶结果），由动作–结果关联塑造选择。工具性学习中的奖赏预测误差反映在纹状体 BOLD 信号中，EEG 中结果反馈诱发 FRN。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants learn by trial and error which actions lead to rewarding (or avoid aversive) outcomes, so that action-outcome contingencies shape choice. Reward prediction errors during instrumental learning are reflected in striatal BOLD, and outcome feedback elicits the FRN in EEG.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/error/ERR-INST-001.yaml"},{"id":"ERR-OBS-001","name":"观察性错误（观察他人完成选择任务）","english":"Observation of errors (human performer, choice task)","aliases":["Observed error paradigm","oERN","observation ErrP","observer ERN"],"family":"error","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.oERN","MK.ErrP"],"description":"被试观看另一人完成快速选择任务（如 flanker 任务），只监视其反应而不亲自操作。被观察到的错误在内侧额区诱发观察性错误相关负波（oERN）。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants watch another person perform a speeded choice task such as the flanker task and monitor the performer's responses without acting themselves. Observed errors elicit an observer error-related negativity (oERN) over medial frontal sites.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/error/ERR-OBS-001.yaml"},{"id":"ERR-OBS-002","name":"观察他人 Go/NoGo 任务中的错误","english":"Observation of errors in a Go/NoGo task","aliases":["Observed Go/NoGo errors"],"family":"error","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.oERN"],"description":"被试观看另一人完成 Go/NoGo 任务，监视其在 NoGo 试次上是否成功抑制反应。被观察到的误按错误在观察者身上诱发早期内侧额区负波。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants watch another person perform a Go/NoGo task and monitor whether the performer correctly withholds responses on NoGo trials. Observed commission errors elicit an early medial frontal negativity in the observer.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/error/ERR-OBS-002.yaml"},{"id":"ERR-OBS-003","name":"沉浸式 VR 中观察化身的动作错误","english":"Observation of avatar action errors in immersive VR","aliases":["Avatar error observation (1PP)"],"family":"error","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.oERN"],"description":"被试佩戴头戴显示器，从第一或第三人称视角观看虚拟身体（化身）完成伸手抓握动作，化身偶尔出错。被观察到的化身错误诱发观察性错误相关负波，并受视角与具身感调节。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants wearing a head-mounted display watch a virtual body (avatar) perform reach-to-grasp actions, seen from a first-person or third-person perspective, and the avatar occasionally makes an erroneous action. Observed avatar errors elicit an observer error-related negativity, modulated by the perspective and the sense of embodiment.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/error/ERR-OBS-003.yaml"},{"id":"ERR-OGNG-001","name":"正交化 Go/NoGo 学习任务","english":"Orthogonalized Go/NoGo learning task","aliases":["Go/NoGo learning task","Pavlovian bias task","Go-to-win / NoGo-to-avoid task"],"family":"error","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.frontal_midline_theta"],"description":"被试依据反馈学习四种线索，每种线索要求以反应（Go）或不反应（NoGo）来获得奖赏或避免惩罚，使动作与结果效价相互正交，从而可以测量巴甫洛夫偏向（为奖赏而 Go、为避罚而 NoGo）。克服巴甫洛夫偏向与线索锁时的额中线 θ 功率升高相关。","descriptionEnglish":"Four cues are learned by feedback, each requiring either a response (Go) or withholding (NoGo) to obtain a reward or avoid a punishment, so that action and outcome valence are orthogonal and Pavlovian biases (Go for reward, NoGo for punishment) can be measured. Overcoming the Pavlovian bias is associated with increased cue-locked midfrontal theta power.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/error/ERR-OGNG-001.yaml"},{"id":"ERR-PCL-001","name":"概率分类学习（天气预报任务）","english":"Probabilistic classification learning","aliases":["WPT","Weather Prediction","Weather Prediction Task"],"family":"error","modalities":["fMRI"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_striatum_reward"],"description":"每个试次中，被试看到若干线索卡片的组合并预测两种结果之一（如下雨或晴天），每张卡片与结果之间只有概率性关联，被试依据反馈学习。概率性类别的学习伴随纹状体 BOLD 活动。","descriptionEnglish":"On each trial participants see a combination of cue cards and predict one of two outcomes (e.g., rain or sunshine), each cue being only probabilistically related to the outcome, and they learn from feedback. Learning of the probabilistic categories is accompanied by striatal BOLD activity.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/error/ERR-PCL-001.yaml"},{"id":"ERR-PRL-001","name":"概率反转学习","english":"Probabilistic reversal learning","aliases":["PRL","Probabilistic reversal learning task","Reversal learning task"],"family":"error","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.FRN","MK.BOLD_striatum_reward"],"description":"被试依据概率性反馈学习两个刺激中哪一个通常获得奖赏，达到学习标准后刺激–奖赏关联在无提示的情况下反转。反馈诱发 FRN，奖赏预测误差和与反转相关的转换反映在纹状体（及眶额）BOLD 信号中。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants learn by probabilistic feedback which of two stimuli is usually rewarded, and the stimulus-reward contingency is reversed without warning once learning criteria are met. Feedback elicits the FRN, and reward prediction errors and reversal-related shifts are tracked by striatal (and orbitofrontal) BOLD.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/error/ERR-PRL-001.yaml"},{"id":"ERR-PRT-001","name":"概率奖赏任务（信号检测）","english":"Probabilistic reward task","aliases":["PRT","Pizzagalli reward task","Signal-detection reward task"],"family":"error","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.FRN"],"description":"被试对短暂呈现、差异细微的刺激（如卡通脸上较短或较长的嘴）进行分类，其中一类刺激的正确判断获得奖赏的频率高于另一类，从而形成偏向高奖赏类别的反应偏向。奖赏反馈诱发 FRN，其波幅与反应偏向的形成相关。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants categorise briefly presented stimuli that differ subtly (e.g., a short or long mouth on a cartoon face), and correct identifications of one stimulus are rewarded more often than the other, producing a response bias towards the richly rewarded category. Reward feedback elicits the FRN, whose amplitude relates to the development of response bias.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/error/ERR-PRT-001.yaml"},{"id":"ERR-PSEL-001","name":"概率选择任务","english":"Probabilistic selection task","aliases":["Frank Task","PSS","PST","Probabilistic Selection","Probabilistic Stimulus Selection Task"],"family":"error","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.FRN","MK.frontal_midline_theta"],"description":"训练阶段，被试依据概率性反馈在奖赏概率不同的固定刺激对中学习选择；随后的测试阶段使用无反馈的新组合，检验被试更多地从正性还是负性结果中学习。训练阶段的反馈诱发 FRN 与额中线 θ，二者与随后的行为调整相关。","descriptionEnglish":"In a training phase participants learn from probabilistic feedback to choose within fixed stimulus pairs that differ in reward probability; a subsequent test phase with novel pairings without feedback reveals whether they learned more from positive or from negative outcomes. Feedback during training elicits the FRN and frontal midline theta, which relate to subsequent behavioural adaptation.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/error/ERR-PSEL-001.yaml"},{"id":"ERR-TE-001","name":"时间估计任务","english":"Time estimation task","aliases":["Interval estimation with feedback","Miltner time-estimation task"],"family":"error","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.FRN"],"description":"被试在提示后按键以估计一个固定时间间隔（如 1 秒），并获得估计是否落在自适应容差窗口内的反馈。负性表现反馈诱发额中央的反馈相关负波；该成分最早正是在这一范式中被描述的。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants estimate a fixed time interval (e.g., one second) by pressing a button after a cue and receive feedback on whether the estimate fell within an adaptive tolerance window. Negative performance feedback elicits a fronto-central feedback-related negativity, the paradigm in which this component was first described.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/error/ERR-TE-001.yaml"},{"id":"ERR-TS-001","name":"两阶段决策（基于模型/无模型）","english":"Two-stage decision task","aliases":["Daw Task","MB/MF Task","Two-Step Task"],"family":"error","modalities":["fMRI","EEG"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_striatum_reward","MK.FRN"],"description":"被试在第一阶段做出选择，该选择按概率（常见或罕见转移）进入两个第二阶段状态之一，在第二阶段再做选择并以缓慢漂移的概率获得奖赏。罕见转移后的保持/转换行为可区分基于模型与无模型控制，纹状体 BOLD 预测误差同时反映二者。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants make a first-stage choice that leads probabilistically (via common or rare transitions) to one of two second-stage states, where a second choice yields reward with slowly drifting probabilities. Stay/switch behaviour after rare transitions separates model-based from model-free control, and striatal BOLD prediction errors reflect both.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/error/ERR-TS-001.yaml"},{"id":"ERR-TS-002","name":"确定性转移两阶段任务","english":"Two-stage task with deterministic transitions","aliases":["Kool two-step task","Deterministic two-step task"],"family":"error","modalities":["fMRI","EEG"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_striatum_reward"],"description":"改良的两阶段任务：每个第一阶段选择确定地通向某个第二阶段状态，试次从两种不同的第一阶段状态之一开始，第二阶段奖赏以分数形式漂移。基于模型的控制表现为奖赏在不同起始状态间的泛化；该设计使基于模型的控制比原任务更有收益。","descriptionEnglish":"A modified two-stage task in which each first-stage choice leads deterministically to one second-stage state and trials start from one of two different first-stage states, while second-stage rewards drift as graded points. Model-based control is revealed by generalisation of reward across start states, and the design makes model-based control pay off more than in the original task.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/error/ERR-TS-002.yaml"},{"id":"ERR-VRPE-001","name":"虚拟现实视觉–触觉失配（预测误差负波）","english":"Visuo-haptic mismatch in virtual reality","aliases":["Prediction error negativity paradigm","PEN paradigm","VR haptic mismatch task"],"family":"error","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.ErrP"],"description":"被试在虚拟现实中伸手触碰虚拟物体，少数试次中视觉/触觉的触碰反馈被提前给出，造成预测感觉反馈与实际反馈之间的失配。失配反馈诱发额中央负波（预测误差负波，约 100–200 ms），被提出可作为被动式脑机接口检测交互错误的信号。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants reach to touch virtual objects in VR, and on a minority of trials the visual/haptic touch feedback is delivered prematurely, creating a mismatch between predicted and actual sensory feedback. Mismatching feedback elicits a fronto-central negativity (prediction error negativity, ~100-200 ms), proposed as a passive-BCI signal of interaction errors.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/error/ERR-VRPE-001.yaml"},{"id":"IMG-AUD-001","name":"听觉想象","english":"Auditory imagery","aliases":["auditory imagery","imagined sounds","musical imagery","imagined music"],"family":"imagery","modalities":["fMRI","PET","EEG","ECoG"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_auditory_cortex","MK.high_gamma"],"description":"被试看到一首熟悉歌曲歌词中的词，判断其中两个词之间音高是升还是降，条件为听到歌曲或在想象中重现歌曲。想象激活次级听皮层以及额叶和辅助运动区。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants see words from the lyrics of a familiar song and judge whether the pitch rises or falls between two of them, either while hearing the song or while imagining it. Imagery activates secondary auditory cortex together with frontal and supplementary motor regions.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/imagery/IMG-AUD-001.yaml"},{"id":"IMG-AUD-002","name":"熟悉曲调续想","english":"Familiar-tune continuation imagery","aliases":["musical imagery","imagery for familiar melodies","tune continuation"],"family":"imagery","modalities":["PET","fMRI","EEG"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_auditory_cortex"],"description":"被试听到一首熟悉的器乐曲调的前几个音，随后在想象中继续这段曲调，与只听而不续想的条件比较。对旋律的想象激活偏右侧的次级听皮层以及额叶和辅助运动区。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants hear the first notes of a familiar instrumental tune and then continue the tune in imagery, compared with hearing the notes without continuing them. Imagery of the melody activates right-lateralised secondary auditory cortex together with frontal and supplementary motor areas.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/imagery/IMG-AUD-002.yaml"},{"id":"IMG-CMD-001","name":"指令跟随想象（意识评估）","english":"Command-following imagery","aliases":["mental imagery command-following","active paradigm for DoC","covert consciousness detection","cognitive motor dissociation assessment","tennis/navigation imagery","spatial navigation imagery","house navigation imagery"],"family":"imagery","modalities":["fMRI","EEG","fNIRS"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_motor_network","MK.BOLD_parahippocampal","MK.SMR_ERD"],"description":"意识障碍患者（及健康对照）在功能磁共振扫描中按口头指令，在休息与想象打网球或想象在家中各房间走动之间交替。辅助运动区（网球）或海马旁回与顶叶导航区（房屋）可靠的任务锁时激活，被视为隐蔽指令跟随的证据。","descriptionEnglish":"Patients with disorders of consciousness (and healthy controls) are verbally instructed to alternate between rest and imagining playing tennis or walking through the rooms of their home, in fMRI blocks. Reliable task-locked activation of the supplementary motor area (tennis) or of parahippocampal and parietal navigation regions (house) is taken as evidence of covert command following.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/imagery/IMG-CMD-001.yaml"},{"id":"IMG-CMD-002","name":"床旁脑电运动想象指令跟随","english":"Bedside EEG motor-imagery command following","aliases":["EEG command following","bedside awareness detection"],"family":"imagery","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.SMR_ERD"],"description":"在床旁，意识障碍患者在大量短试次中听到以提示音标记的简短口头指令，想象两种动作之一或放松。若对指令特异的感觉运动节律变化的分类高于机会水平，即视为隐蔽指令跟随的证据。","descriptionEnglish":"At the bedside, patients with disorders of consciousness hear short spoken commands, signalled by tones, to imagine one of two movements or to relax, in many short trials. Classification of command-specific sensorimotor rhythm changes above chance is taken as evidence of covert command following.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/imagery/IMG-CMD-002.yaml"},{"id":"IMG-CMD-003","name":"基于想象的是/否沟通（功能磁共振）","english":"Imagery-based yes/no communication (fMRI)","aliases":["fMRI yes/no communication","mental imagery communication"],"family":"imagery","modalities":["fMRI"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_motor_network","MK.BOLD_parahippocampal"],"description":"在定位扫描之后，被试回答口头提出的自传性是/否问题：用一种想象任务（打网球）表示“是”，用另一种（空间导航）表示“否”，30 秒想象期与休息交替。通过比较辅助运动区和海马旁回的激活与定位扫描的模式解码答案。","descriptionEnglish":"After localiser scans, the participant answers spoken autobiographical yes/no questions by performing one imagery task (tennis) for 'yes' and the other (spatial navigation) for 'no' in 30-s imagery periods alternating with rest. The answer is decoded by comparing SMA and parahippocampal activation with the localiser patterns.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/imagery/IMG-CMD-003.yaml"},{"id":"IMG-MA-001","name":"心算","english":"Mental arithmetic","aliases":["MA","mental calculation","serial subtraction"],"family":"imagery","modalities":["fNIRS","EEG"],"markers":["MK.HbO_prefrontal","MK.frontal_midline_theta"],"description":"被试默默进行计算，通常是从提示的起始数字连续减去一个小数，按组块与休息或另一种心理任务交替。计算使 fNIRS 测得的前额叶氧合血红蛋白升高、EEG 额中线 θ 增强，这些特征用于心理任务脑机接口。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants silently perform calculations, typically serial subtraction of a small number from a cued starting number, in blocks alternating with rest or another mental task. Calculation increases prefrontal oxygenated haemoglobin in fNIRS and frontal midline theta in EEG, which serve as features in mental-task BCIs.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/imagery/IMG-MA-001.yaml"},{"id":"IMG-MA-002","name":"五分类心理任务脑机接口","english":"Five-class mental-task BCI","aliases":["multi-class mental tasks","BNCI2015_004 paradigm"],"family":"imagery","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.frontal_midline_theta"],"description":"被试（此处为脑卒中或脊髓损伤的终端用户）每个试次按提示完成 5 种心理任务之一（其中包括心算），不给反馈，依据脑电对任务分类。心算是若干非运动与运动心理任务中的一类。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants (here end-users with stroke or spinal cord injury) perform one of five cued mental tasks per trial, including a mental arithmetic task, and the task is classified from EEG without feedback. Mental arithmetic is one class among several non-motor and motor mental tasks.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/imagery/IMG-MA-002.yaml"},{"id":"IMG-OLF-001","name":"嗅觉想象","english":"Olfactory imagery","aliases":["odor imagery","odour mental imagery","olfactory mental imagery"],"family":"imagery","modalities":["fMRI"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_olfactory_cortex"],"description":"以提示（如气味名称）让被试想象闻到某种气味，并与想象其视觉外观或休息条件比较。气味想象激活初级嗅觉（梨状）皮层及相关区域，部分类似于气味知觉。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants are cued (e.g. by an odour name) to imagine smelling an odour, compared with imagining its visual appearance or with rest. Odour imagery activates primary olfactory (piriform) cortex and related regions in a way that partly mirrors odour perception.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/imagery/IMG-OLF-001.yaml"},{"id":"IMG-ROT-001","name":"心理旋转","english":"Mental rotation","aliases":["MRT","Mental Rotation","mental rotation task","Shepard-Metzler Task","hand laterality judgement"],"family":"imagery","modalities":["EEG","fMRI","fNIRS"],"markers":["MK.alpha_posterior","MK.BOLD_frontoparietal"],"description":"被试判断两个视觉呈现的物体（或旋转后的物体与标准物体）是相同还是镜像；反应时随二者角度差增大而延长。旋转过程调用后顶叶与额叶区域，并伴随后部 α 功率的任务相关变化以及随旋转角度增大的顶叶负波。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants judge whether two visually presented objects (or a rotated object and its standard) are identical or mirror images; reaction time increases with the angular disparity between them. Rotation engages posterior parietal and frontal regions and is accompanied by task-related changes in posterior alpha power and a parietal negativity that scales with rotation angle.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/imagery/IMG-ROT-001.yaml"},{"id":"IMG-SAO-001","name":"体感注意定向","english":"Somatosensory attentional orientation","aliases":["SAO","selective sensation","somatosensory attention BCI","tactile selective attention BCI"],"family":"imagery","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.SMR_ERD"],"description":"双侧手腕同时接受相同的振动触觉刺激，被试在每个提示试次中注意一侧的感觉以完成二选一。选择性感觉在对侧体感皮层引起偏侧化的感觉运动节律 ERD。","descriptionEnglish":"Both wrists receive equal vibrotactile stimulation, and on each cued trial the participant attends to the sensation on one side to make a binary selection. Selective sensation produces lateralised sensorimotor rhythm ERD over the contralateral somatosensory cortex.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/imagery/IMG-SAO-001.yaml"},{"id":"IMG-SAO-002","name":"无刺激的体感注意定向","english":"Somatosensory attentional orientation without stimulation","aliases":["SAO BCI","attention to body part"],"family":"imagery","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.SMR_ERD"],"description":"在没有任何触觉刺激的情况下，被试按提示将注意定向到一只手（左或右）的感觉上。仅凭体感注意定向即可产生偏侧化的感觉运动节律 ERD，可像运动想象一样分类。","descriptionEnglish":"Without any tactile stimulation, the participant orients attention to the sensation of one hand (left or right) on cue. Somatosensory attentional orientation alone produces lateralised sensorimotor rhythm ERD that can be classified like motor imagery.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/imagery/IMG-SAO-002.yaml"},{"id":"IMG-SPI-001","name":"想象语音（内部言语）","english":"Imagined / inner speech","aliases":["inner speech","imagined speech","covert speech","silent speech","speech imagery"],"family":"imagery","modalities":["ECoG","sEEG","EEG","intracortical"],"markers":["MK.high_gamma"],"description":"被试按提示想象发出某个元音，但不动用发音器官、不发声，离线从头皮脑电中分类所想象的元音。该类的颅内研究报告言语皮层上项目特异的高 γ 活动。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants are cued to imagine articulating a vowel without moving the articulators or producing sound, and the imagined vowel is classified offline from scalp EEG. Intracranial studies of the class report item-specific high-gamma activity over speech cortex.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/imagery/IMG-SPI-001.yaml"},{"id":"IMG-SPI-002","name":"想象指令词（内部言语）","english":"Imagined command words (inner speech)","aliases":["inner speech words","imagined directional words","Thinking out loud dataset"],"family":"imagery","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.high_gamma"],"description":"每个试次由视觉提示指示一组少量指令词之一（如西班牙语的上、下、左、右），被试随后以内部言语默念该词；部分数据集另设出声或视觉化条件作比较。依据脑电对词分类。","descriptionEnglish":"On each trial a visual cue indicates one of a small set of command words (e.g. Spanish words for up, down, left and right), which the participant then says silently in inner speech; some datasets add pronounced or visualised conditions as comparisons. The word is classified from EEG.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/imagery/IMG-SPI-002.yaml"},{"id":"IMG-SPI-003","name":"想象音素、音节与词（混合集合）","english":"Imagined phonemes, syllables and words (mixed set)","aliases":["KaraOne paradigm","imagined phonemes"],"family":"imagery","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.high_gamma"],"description":"向被试呈现一个提示，项目来自由音素、音节和语音相近的词组成的混合集合，被试想象说出该项目；依据 62 导脑电对项目分类。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants are shown a prompt for one item of a mixed set of phonemes, syllables and phonologically similar words and imagine speaking it; the item is classified from 62-channel EEG.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/imagery/IMG-SPI-003.yaml"},{"id":"IMG-TACT-001","name":"触觉想象","english":"Tactile imagery","aliases":["tactile imagery","somatosensory imagery","imagined touch","imagined vibration"],"family":"imagery","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.SMR_ERD"],"description":"被试先体验触觉刺激（如腕部振动），随后在提示试次中在无刺激时想象该感觉。触觉想象在对侧体感皮层引起可被分类的 mu 频段 ERD，方式与运动想象相似。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants first experience a tactile stimulus (e.g. vibration on the wrist) and then, on cued trials, imagine that sensation in its absence. Tactile imagery produces mu-band ERD over the contralateral somatosensory cortex that can be classified, in a way comparable to motor imagery.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/imagery/IMG-TACT-001.yaml"},{"id":"IMG-VIS-001","name":"视觉想象","english":"Visual imagery","aliases":["visual mental imagery","visualisation","face/place imagery","category-specific imagery"],"family":"imagery","modalities":["fMRI","PET","EEG"],"markers":["MK.alpha_posterior","MK.BOLD_visual_cortex","MK.BOLD_category_selective"],"description":"被试闭眼想象学过的简单视觉图案，与实际看到同样图案比较。想象激活早期视觉皮层，并调节后部 α 功率。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants visualise simple learned visual patterns with their eyes closed, compared with seeing the same patterns. Imagery activates early visual cortex and modulates posterior alpha power.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/imagery/IMG-VIS-001.yaml"},{"id":"IMG-VIS-002","name":"类别特异视觉想象（面孔对场景）","english":"Category-specific visual imagery (faces vs places)","aliases":["face imagery","place imagery","category-specific imagery"],"family":"imagery","modalities":["fMRI"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_category_selective"],"description":"被试按提示想象熟悉的面孔或熟悉的场所，与实际看到同类刺激比较。想象激活类别选择性的腹侧区域（面孔对应梭状回面孔区，场所对应海马旁回位置区），模式与知觉一致但较弱。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants imagine familiar faces or familiar places on cue, compared with perceiving the same categories. Imagery activates the category-selective ventral regions (fusiform face area for faces, parahippocampal place area for places) in proportion to, but weaker than, perception.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/imagery/IMG-VIS-002.yaml"},{"id":"LAN-AGL-001","name":"人工语法学习","english":"Artificial grammar learning","aliases":["AGL","Artificial Grammar"],"family":"language","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.P600","MK.ERAN"],"description":"被试先接触由有限状态人工语法生成的字母串，随后对新的字母串做合乎/不合语法的分类。学习后，违反语法的串诱发与自然语言句法违例相似的 ERP，包括晚期正波（P600）和早期前部负波。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants are exposed to letter strings generated by a finite-state artificial grammar and are then asked to classify new strings as grammatical or ungrammatical. After learning, grammar violations elicit ERP responses resembling those to natural-language syntactic violations, including a late positivity (P600) and an early anterior negativity.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/language/LAN-AGL-001.yaml"},{"id":"LAN-CPS-001","name":"韵律边界加工","english":"Prosodic boundary processing (closure positive shift)","aliases":["CPS paradigm","intonational phrase boundary","prosodic phrasing"],"family":"language","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.CPS"],"description":"被试聆听语调短语边界数量或位置不同、有时用词完全相同的自然语音句子。每个韵律边界在中央—顶区诱发正漂移（闭合正漂移，CPS），反映韵律切分，而不依赖于声学停顿本身。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants listen to naturally spoken sentences that differ in the number or position of intonational phrase boundaries, sometimes with otherwise identical words. Each prosodic boundary elicits a positive shift (closure positive shift, CPS) over centro-parietal sites, which indexes prosodic phrasing independently of the acoustic pause.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/language/LAN-CPS-001.yaml"},{"id":"LAN-CPS-002","name":"阅读中的闭合正漂移（逗号标记边界）","english":"Closure positive shift in reading (comma-marked boundaries)","aliases":["comma CPS","reading CPS"],"family":"language","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.CPS"],"description":"被试阅读逐词呈现的句子，其中逗号标记（或不标记）短语边界。逗号诱发与言语韵律边界相似的闭合正漂移，支持读者在阅读中施加隐性韵律切分的观点。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants read sentences presented word by word in which commas mark (or do not mark) a phrase boundary. Commas elicit a closure positive shift similar to the one evoked by prosodic boundaries in speech, supporting the view that readers impose implicit prosodic phrasing.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/language/LAN-CPS-002.yaml"},{"id":"LAN-GEST-001","name":"言语—手势整合","english":"Speech-gesture integration","aliases":["co-speech gesture","iconic gesture comprehension","gesture-speech mismatch"],"family":"language","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.N400"],"description":"被试观看说话者的视频，说话时伴随的形象手势与言语内容一致或不一致，有时还改变手势与言语的时间关系。与一致手势相比，与言语语义不一致的手势诱发更大的 N400，表明手势意义与言语意义发生了整合。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants watch videos of a speaker producing words or sentences accompanied by iconic hand gestures that either match or mismatch the speech, sometimes with varied timing between gesture and speech. Gestures that are semantically incongruent with the accompanying speech elicit a larger N400 than congruent gestures, indicating integration of gestural and verbal meaning.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/language/LAN-GEST-001.yaml"},{"id":"LAN-HIER-001","name":"语言层级结构频率标记","english":"Hierarchical linguistic structure tracking","aliases":["Ding paradigm","frequency-tagging of linguistic structure","hierarchical linguistic tracking"],"family":"language","modalities":["MEG","EEG","ECoG"],"markers":["MK.linguistic_structure_tracking"],"description":"呈现等时的音节序列，音节组合成短语和句子，但边界处没有任何声学线索；对照序列使用随机音节或被试不懂的语言。皮层响应不仅在音节频率处出现谱峰，还在短语与句子频率处出现谱峰，且只有当听者能够解析语言结构时才出现。","descriptionEnglish":"Isochronous sequences of syllables are presented in which syllables combine into phrases and sentences that carry no acoustic cue to their boundaries; control sequences use random syllables or an unknown language. Cortical responses show spectral peaks not only at the syllable rate but also at the phrase and sentence rates, which appear only when listeners can parse the linguistic structure.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/language/LAN-HIER-001.yaml"},{"id":"LAN-LDT-001","name":"词汇判断","english":"Lexical decision","aliases":["LDT","word/nonword decision"],"family":"language","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.N400"],"description":"逐个呈现字母串，被试尽快判断它是真词还是可发音的假词，同时操纵词频等词汇变量。真词与假词的 N400 不同，其波幅还受词频等词汇变量调制。","descriptionEnglish":"Letter strings are presented one at a time and participants decide as quickly as possible whether each is a real word or a pronounceable pseudoword, while lexical variables such as frequency are manipulated. Words and pseudowords differ in the N400, whose amplitude is also modulated by lexical variables such as word frequency.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/language/LAN-LDT-001.yaml"},{"id":"LAN-LOC-001","name":"语言定位任务","english":"Language localizer (sentences vs nonwords)","aliases":["Fedorenko localizer","language localizer","sentences vs nonwords"],"family":"language","modalities":["fMRI"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_language_network"],"description":"被试阅读逐词呈现的句子组块与可发音非词序列组块，以“句子 > 非词”对比在每个个体中界定语言响应区。该对比识别出左偏侧的额颞语言网络，再考察其在其他条件下的 BOLD 响应。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants read blocks of sentences and blocks of pronounceable nonword sequences presented word by word, and the sentences > nonwords contrast is used to define language-responsive regions in each individual. The contrast identifies a left-lateralised frontotemporal language network whose BOLD response is then examined in other conditions.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/language/LAN-LOC-001.yaml"},{"id":"LAN-LOC-002","name":"听觉语言定位任务（完整 vs 退化语音）","english":"Auditory language localizer (intact vs degraded speech)","aliases":["auditory language localizer","intact > degraded speech localizer"],"family":"language","modalities":["fMRI"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_language_network"],"description":"被试聆听短的口语段落组块，以及这些段落经声学退化、无法理解的版本组块。“完整 > 退化”对比在每个个体中定位高级语言区，可用于不能阅读的情况。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants listen to blocks of short spoken passages and blocks of acoustically degraded versions of the same passages that are unintelligible. The intact > degraded contrast localises high-level language regions in each individual and can be used where reading is not possible.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/language/LAN-LOC-002.yaml"},{"id":"LAN-MUS-001","name":"音乐句法违例","english":"Music-syntactic violation","aliases":[],"family":"language","modalities":["EEG","MEG"],"markers":["MK.ERAN"],"description":"被试聆听和弦序列或旋律，其中部分和弦在和声上出乎预期，如在应出现主和弦的位置出现离调和弦或那不勒斯和弦。音乐句法不规则的和弦诱发早期右前负波（ERAN），在某些设计中还诱发随后的正波，这些响应常与语言句法违例的 ERP 相比较。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants hear chord sequences or melodies in which some chords are harmonically unexpected, such as an out-of-key chord or a Neapolitan chord at a position where the tonic is expected. Music-syntactically irregular chords elicit an early right anterior negativity (ERAN) and, in some designs, a later positivity, and these responses have been compared with ERP responses to syntactic violations in language.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/language/LAN-MUS-001.yaml"},{"id":"LAN-N400-001","name":"语义违例","english":"Semantic violation","aliases":["semantic anomaly","semantic incongruity","sentence N400 paradigm"],"family":"language","modalities":["EEG","MEG"],"markers":["MK.N400"],"description":"句子以视觉方式逐词呈现，以一致的词或语义异常的词结尾。语义异常的句末词比一致结尾诱发更大的中央—顶区负波，即 N400。","descriptionEnglish":"Sentences are presented visually word by word and end either with a congruent word or with a semantically anomalous word. Anomalous sentence-final words elicit a larger centro-parietal negativity, the N400, than congruent endings.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/language/LAN-N400-001.yaml"},{"id":"LAN-N400-002","name":"按完形概率分级的句末词","english":"Graded cloze-probability sentence endings","aliases":["cloze probability N400","word expectancy N400"],"family":"language","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.N400"],"description":"句末词都在语义上可接受，但完形概率不同，即在常模研究中被用作该句框补全的频率不同；有的设计还改变意外词与预期词的语义关联。N400 波幅随完形概率升高而分级降低。","descriptionEnglish":"Sentence-final words are all semantically acceptable but differ in cloze probability, that is, in how often they are produced as completions of the sentence frame in a norming study; some designs also vary the semantic relation of unexpected words to the expected word. N400 amplitude decreases graded with increasing cloze probability.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/language/LAN-N400-002.yaml"},{"id":"LAN-NAT-001","name":"自然语音聆听","english":"Naturalistic speech listening","aliases":["TRF paradigm","audiobook listening","continuous speech listening","speech envelope tracking"],"family":"language","modalities":["EEG","MEG","ECoG"],"markers":["MK.speech_envelope_tracking"],"description":"被试聆听有声书、故事或播客等连续自然语音，除理解外通常不执行其他任务。神经活动跟随语音的慢幅度包络，可用时间响应函数或刺激重建来估计这种包络跟踪。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants listen to continuous natural speech such as audiobooks, stories or podcasts, usually without a task other than comprehension. Neural activity follows the slow amplitude envelope of the speech, and this envelope tracking is estimated with temporal response functions or stimulus reconstruction.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/language/LAN-NAT-001.yaml"},{"id":"LAN-NWL-001","name":"新词学习","english":"Novel word learning","aliases":["word learning from context","fast mapping","pseudoword meaning acquisition"],"family":"language","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.N400"],"description":"被试接触新的假词，其意义可从句子语境、图片或定义中推断，随后对这些词进行测试。随着意义的习得，新词开始诱发与已知词类似的 N400 效应，例如其后呈现语义相关词时 N400 减弱。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants encounter novel pseudowords whose meanings can be inferred from sentence contexts, pictures or definitions, and are later tested on them. As meaning is acquired, novel words come to elicit N400 effects similar to those of known words, for example an N400 reduction when followed by semantically related words.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/language/LAN-NWL-001.yaml"},{"id":"LAN-OVS-001","name":"出声或尝试言语产生","english":"Overt / attempted speech production","aliases":["articulation decoding","attempted speech","speech neuroprosthesis"],"family":"language","modalities":["ECoG"],"markers":["MK.high_gamma"],"description":"植入电极的被试朗读或复述提示的辅音—元音音节，同时记录腹侧感觉运动皮层活动；解码离线进行（开环）。与发音器官对应的高 γ 活动揭示了言语发音的躯体定位与时间组织，是后来言语神经假体的基础。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants with implanted electrodes read aloud or repeat prompted consonant-vowel syllables while neural activity is recorded from ventral sensorimotor cortex; decoding is done offline (open loop). Articulator-specific high-gamma activity reveals the somatotopic and temporal organisation of speech articulation that later speech neuroprostheses build on.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/language/LAN-OVS-001.yaml"},{"id":"LAN-OVS-002","name":"尝试言语：小词表单词实时解码","english":"Attempted speech: small-vocabulary word decoding with real-time output","aliases":["speech neuroprosthesis (word classification)","attempted word production"],"family":"language","modalities":["ECoG"],"markers":["MK.high_gamma"],"description":"严重瘫痪、构音不能的被试根据屏幕提示尝试说出固定小词表中的词，同时记录言语感觉运动皮层的 ECoG。单词分类器结合语言模型组成句子，实时解码所尝试的词并显示给被试。","descriptionEnglish":"A participant with severe paralysis and anarthria attempts to say words from a fixed small vocabulary, cued on a screen, while ECoG is recorded over speech sensorimotor cortex. Word classifiers, combined with a language model to form sentences, decode the attempted words in real time and display them to the participant.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/language/LAN-OVS-002.yaml"},{"id":"LAN-OVS-003","name":"尝试言语：大词表句子解码","english":"Attempted speech: large-vocabulary sentence decoding","aliases":["speech-to-text BCI","high-performance speech neuroprosthesis","speech BCI (sentences)"],"family":"language","modalities":["intracortical","ECoG"],"markers":["MK.motor_cortical_spiking","MK.high_gamma"],"description":"瘫痪被试出声或无声地尝试说出提示的句子，同时用皮层内电极阵列或高密度 ECoG 记录言语运动皮层；音素或子词级解码器结合大词表语言模型在尝试说句时连续输出文字，部分系统还合成语音或驱动虚拟形象。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants with paralysis attempt to speak cued sentences, aloud or silently, while intracortical arrays or high-density ECoG record speech motor cortex; phoneme- or subword-level decoders combined with a large-vocabulary language model output text continuously as the sentence is attempted, and some systems also synthesise speech or animate an avatar.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/language/LAN-OVS-003.yaml"},{"id":"LAN-P600-001","name":"句法违例","english":"Syntactic violation","aliases":["agreement violation","garden-path sentences","syntactic anomaly","syntactic positive shift (SPS)"],"family":"language","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.P600","MK.left_anterior_negativity"],"description":"逐词呈现句子，其中含句法违例（如一致性或短语结构错误），与合法的对照句比较。句法违例诱发中央—顶区晚期正波（P600，又称句法正漂移），部分研究中形态句法违例之前还有左前负波。","descriptionEnglish":"Sentences are presented word by word and contain syntactic violations, such as agreement or phrase-structure errors, compared with well-formed control sentences. Syntactic violations elicit a late centro-parietal positivity (P600, also called syntactic positive shift), and morphosyntactic violations are in some studies preceded by a left anterior negativity.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/language/LAN-P600-001.yaml"},{"id":"LAN-P600-002","name":"花园路径句","english":"Garden-path sentences","aliases":["garden-path P600","temporary syntactic ambiguity"],"family":"language","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.P600"],"description":"句子在前半部分暂时歧义，最初偏好的结构在消歧词处被证明是错的（花园路径句），与无歧义对照句比较。消歧词诱发 P600，被解释为句法重新分析。","descriptionEnglish":"Sentences are temporarily ambiguous so that the initially preferred structure turns out to be wrong at a disambiguating word (garden-path sentences), and they are compared with unambiguous controls. The disambiguating word elicits a P600, interpreted as syntactic reanalysis.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/language/LAN-P600-002.yaml"},{"id":"LAN-PCAT-001","name":"音位范畴化","english":"Phoneme categorization","aliases":["categorical speech perception","speech continuum identification","phonetic categorization"],"family":"language","modalities":["ECoG","EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.high_gamma"],"description":"被试聆听取自两个音位之间声学连续体的音节（如 /ba/-/da/-/ga/），并识别每个刺激。以高 γ 响应测得的颞上回群体活动反映的是被知觉到的音位范畴，而非线性变化的声学参数，与范畴知觉相对应。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants hear syllables drawn from an acoustic continuum between two phonemes (for example /ba/-/da/-/ga/) and identify each token. Population activity in the superior temporal gyrus, measured as high-gamma responses, reflects the perceived phoneme category rather than the linear acoustic change, mirroring categorical perception.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/language/LAN-PCAT-001.yaml"},{"id":"LAN-PHA-001","name":"语音意识","english":"Phonological awareness","aliases":["Phoneme Deletion","Rhyme Judgment"],"family":"language","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.MMN","MK.BOLD_language_network"],"description":"被试判断视觉呈现的两个词（或字母、假词）是否押韵。押韵判断激活左侧颞顶与额下语言区，阅读障碍者激活较弱；语音技能与语音失匹配负波相关。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants judge whether two visually presented words (or letters / nonwords) rhyme. Rhyme judgments engage left temporoparietal and inferior frontal language regions, which are less activated in readers with dyslexia, and phonological skills are related to speech-sound mismatch negativity.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/language/LAN-PHA-001.yaml"},{"id":"LAN-PN-001","name":"图片命名","english":"Picture naming","aliases":["Confrontation Naming","Object Naming","picture-word interference (variant)","visual naming"],"family":"language","modalities":["ECoG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.high_gamma","MK.BOLD_language_network"],"description":"被试尽快准确地出声命名物体或动作图片。命名在 fMRI 中激活左偏侧的语言与言语运动区；ECoG 显示高 γ 依次从视觉皮层扩展到颞、额与感觉运动皮层，临床上用于语言定位。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants name pictures of objects or actions aloud as quickly and accurately as possible. Naming engages left-lateralised language and speech-motor regions in fMRI, and ECoG shows sequential high-gamma increases from visual to temporal, frontal and sensorimotor cortex, which is used clinically for language mapping.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/language/LAN-PN-001.yaml"},{"id":"LAN-PN-002","name":"图词干扰","english":"Picture-word interference","aliases":["PWI","picture-word interference paradigm","semantic interference in naming"],"family":"language","modalities":["fMRI","EEG"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_language_network"],"description":"被试命名图片，同时忽略书面或口语干扰词；干扰词与图片名称语义相关、语音相关或无关，并以不同的刺激起始间隔呈现。语义相关干扰词使命名变慢（语义干扰），语音相关干扰词使命名变快（语音促进），并伴随左侧颞叶与额叶语言区活动。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants name pictures while ignoring a written or spoken distractor word that is semantically related, phonologically related or unrelated to the picture name, presented at different stimulus onset asynchronies. Semantically related distractors slow naming (semantic interference) and phonologically related ones speed it (phonological facilitation), with associated activity in left temporal and frontal language regions.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/language/LAN-PN-002.yaml"},{"id":"LAN-PRIME-001","name":"语义启动","english":"Semantic priming","aliases":["Associative Priming","Morphological Priming","Orthographic Priming","Phonological Priming","Priming","masked semantic priming","word-pair priming"],"family":"language","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.N400"],"description":"先呈现启动词，随后呈现与之语义相关或无关的目标词，被试对目标词作出反应（如词汇判断）或仅阅读。与无关目标词相比，相关目标词加工更快，诱发的 N400 更小。","descriptionEnglish":"A prime word is followed by a target word that is either semantically related or unrelated to it, and participants respond to the target, for example with a lexical decision, or simply read it. Related targets are processed faster and elicit a smaller N400 than unrelated targets.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/language/LAN-PRIME-001.yaml"},{"id":"LAN-PRIME-002","name":"掩蔽语义启动","english":"Masked semantic priming","aliases":["masked priming","subliminal semantic priming"],"family":"language","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.N400"],"description":"短暂呈现的启动词前后被掩蔽，几乎或完全不能被意识到，随后呈现相关或无关的目标词。比较掩蔽与非掩蔽启动的 N400 启动效应，用于检验 N400 反映的是自动的词汇—语义通达还是词汇后整合。","descriptionEnglish":"A briefly presented prime word is forward- and/or backward-masked so that it is hardly or not consciously seen, and is followed by a related or unrelated target word. Comparing N400 priming effects for masked and unmasked primes is used to test whether the N400 reflects automatic lexical-semantic access or post-lexical integration.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/language/LAN-PRIME-002.yaml"},{"id":"LAN-READ-001","name":"自然阅读（眼动同步）","english":"Natural reading with eye tracking","aliases":["co-registered EEG/eye-tracking reading","fixation-related potentials (FRP)","natural reading"],"family":"language","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.FRP"],"description":"被试自由阅读句子或文本，同时记录 EEG 和眼动，EEG 以注视词语的起始时刻为锁时点进行分段。注视相关电位可揭示可预测性等词汇层面的效应，并可与逐词序列呈现所得的 ERP 相比较。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants read sentences or texts freely while EEG and eye movements are recorded simultaneously, and EEG epochs are time-locked to the onset of fixations on words. Fixation-related potentials reveal word-level effects such as predictability, which can be compared with ERPs from serial word-by-word presentation.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/language/LAN-READ-001.yaml"},{"id":"LAN-SC-001","name":"句子理解","english":"Sentence comprehension","aliases":["Garden-Path Reading","Syntactic Ambiguity Task","sign language sentence comprehension"],"family":"language","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.N400","MK.P600","MK.BOLD_language_network"],"description":"被试阅读或聆听结构复杂度或暂时歧义程度不同的句子（如宾语关系从句与主语关系从句、花园路径句），并回答理解问题。复杂句或需要重新分析的句子提高左侧额颞语言网络的 BOLD 活动，并在关键词处调制 N400 和 P600 响应。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants read or listen to sentences that vary in structural complexity or temporary ambiguity, such as object- versus subject-relative clauses or garden-path sentences, and answer comprehension questions. Complex or reanalysis-requiring sentences increase BOLD activity in the left frontotemporal language network and modulate N400 and P600 responses at the critical words.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/language/LAN-SC-001.yaml"},{"id":"LAN-SC-002","name":"手语句子理解","english":"Sign language sentence comprehension","aliases":["sign language comprehension","ASL sentence processing"],"family":"language","modalities":["fMRI"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_language_network"],"description":"聋人或听人母语手语者观看手语句子视频，与无意义手势序列或其他基线比较；部分设计还与听人被试的书面或口语句子比较。手语理解激活左偏侧的外侧裂周围语言网络，母语手语者中还报告了额外的右半球参与。","descriptionEnglish":"Deaf or hearing native signers watch videos of signed sentences, compared with meaningless gesture sequences or other baselines, and in some designs with written or spoken sentences in hearing participants. Sign language comprehension engages the left-lateralised perisylvian language network, with additional right-hemisphere involvement reported in native signers.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/language/LAN-SC-002.yaml"},{"id":"LAN-SEMD-001","name":"语义判断任务（语言定位）","english":"Semantic decision task","aliases":["semantic decision vs tone decision","animal semantic decision","semantic categorization"],"family":"language","modalities":["fMRI"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_language_network"],"description":"被试听或读词语（通常为动物名称），判断其是否满足某个语义标准，并与对照任务（如判断音调序列中是否包含目标音高）比较。“语义减音调”对比激活左侧化的额、颞、顶区网络，用于术前语言偏侧化评估。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants hear or read words, typically animal names, and decide whether each meets a semantic criterion, compared with a control task such as deciding whether a tone sequence contains a target pitch. The semantic-minus-tone contrast activates a left-lateralised network of frontal, temporal and parietal regions and is used for presurgical language lateralisation.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/language/LAN-SEMD-001.yaml"},{"id":"LAN-SIS-001","name":"言语诱发抑制与听觉反馈","english":"Speaking-induced suppression / altered auditory feedback","aliases":["speaking-induced suppression","SIS","speak vs listen","pitch perturbation"],"family":"language","modalities":["MEG","EEG","ECoG"],"markers":["MK.N1_auditory","MK.high_gamma"],"description":"被试发出言语声音并听到自己的声音，将其听觉反应与被动聆听同一录音时的反应比较。说话时听觉皮层反应（M100/N1 与高 γ 活动）比聆听时受到抑制。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants produce speech sounds while hearing their own voice, and the auditory responses are compared with passive listening to recordings of the same sounds. Auditory-cortex responses (M100/N1 and high-gamma activity) are suppressed during speaking compared with listening.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/language/LAN-SIS-001.yaml"},{"id":"LAN-SIS-002","name":"改变听觉反馈下的说话","english":"Speaking with altered auditory feedback","aliases":["altered auditory feedback","feedback perturbation during speech"],"family":"language","modalities":["MEG","EEG","ECoG"],"markers":["MK.N1_auditory"],"description":"被试说话时，自身声音的听觉反馈被实时改变（如音高或共振峰偏移、混入噪声），与未改变的反馈以及聆听回放比较。当反馈与预期声音不符时，说话时听觉 M100/N1 的抑制减弱。","descriptionEnglish":"While participants speak, the auditory feedback of their own voice is altered in real time (for example shifted in pitch or formants, or mixed with noise) and compared with unaltered feedback and with listening to playback. The suppression of the auditory M100/N1 during speaking is reduced when the feedback does not match the expected sound.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/language/LAN-SIS-002.yaml"},{"id":"LAN-SL-001","name":"统计学习（言语切分）","english":"Statistical learning of speech streams","aliases":["statistical word segmentation","triplet stream learning","auditory statistical learning"],"family":"language","modalities":["EEG","MEG"],"markers":["MK.linguistic_structure_tracking"],"description":"被试聆听连续的音节流，其中仅由转移概率界定的“词”反复出现，随后测试对嵌入词的识别。随着学习进行，神经反应除音节速率外还开始跟随词速率，这是一个频率标记的切分指标。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants are exposed to a continuous stream of syllables in which items form recurring 'words' defined only by transitional probabilities, and are then tested on recognising the embedded words. As learning proceeds, neural responses come to track the word rate in addition to the syllable rate, a frequency-tagged index of segmentation.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/language/LAN-SL-001.yaml"},{"id":"LAN-SWITCH-001","name":"双语语言切换","english":"Bilingual language switching","aliases":["language switching","cued language switching","mixed-language picture naming"],"family":"language","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.N2_frontocentral"],"description":"双语被试根据线索用其中一种语言命名图片或数字，语言在相邻试次间重复或切换。切换试次有反应时代价，ERP 研究报告切换试次的额中央 N2 增强，被解释为对非目标语言的抑制。","descriptionEnglish":"Bilingual participants name pictures or digits in one of their languages as indicated by a cue, with the language either repeating or switching between trials. Switch trials incur reaction-time costs, and ERP studies report an enhanced frontocentral N2 on switch trials that is interpreted as inhibition of the non-target language.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/language/LAN-SWITCH-001.yaml"},{"id":"LAN-SWITCH-002","name":"接受性语言切换","english":"Receptive language switching","aliases":["comprehension language switching","bilingual word reading switch"],"family":"language","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.N2_frontocentral"],"description":"双语被试阅读或聆听在两种语言之间可预测或不可预测地切换的词，执行基于理解的任务（如语义分类），而不是说话。ERP 比较切换与非切换试次，考察理解中的语言控制。","descriptionEnglish":"Bilingual participants read or hear words that switch unpredictably or predictably between their two languages and perform a comprehension-based task (for example a semantic categorisation) rather than speaking. ERPs compare switch with non-switch trials to examine language control during comprehension.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/language/LAN-SWITCH-002.yaml"},{"id":"LAN-VF-001","name":"言语流畅性","english":"Verbal fluency","aliases":["COWAT","Category Fluency","Controlled Oral Word Association Test","FAS Test","Letter Fluency","Phonemic Fluency","Semantic Fluency","word generation","word association task","verbal fluency task","VFT"],"family":"language","modalities":["fMRI","fNIRS"],"markers":["MK.HbO_prefrontal"],"description":"每个线索给定固定时长，被试尽可能多地说出以指定字母开头（音位流畅性）或属于指定类别（语义流畅性）的词，以正确词数计分。流畅性生成在 fNIRS 中提高前额叶氧合血红蛋白，在 fMRI 中激活左侧额下区域。","descriptionEnglish":"Within a fixed time per cue, participants say aloud as many words as possible that begin with a given letter (phonemic fluency) or belong to a given category (semantic fluency); the number of correct words is the score. Fluency generation increases prefrontal oxygenated haemoglobin in fNIRS and activates left inferior frontal regions in fMRI.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/language/LAN-VF-001.yaml"},{"id":"LAN-VF-002","name":"默想生词心理任务（fNIRS/EEG BCI）","english":"Covert word generation mental task (fNIRS/EEG BCI)","aliases":["word generation (WG) mental task","covert verbal fluency BCI"],"family":"language","modalities":["fNIRS","EEG"],"markers":["MK.HbO_prefrontal"],"description":"在短的提示试次中呈现一个字母，被试默想以该字母开头的词；生词试次与休息（基线）试次交替。对前额血流动力学与 EEG 特征分类，区分生词与休息，使该心理任务可作为二分类主动式 BCI 指令。","descriptionEnglish":"In short cue-paced trials, a letter is shown and participants silently generate words beginning with it; generation trials alternate with rest (baseline) trials. Prefrontal haemodynamic and EEG features are classified to distinguish word generation from rest, so that the mental task can serve as a binary active-BCI command.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/language/LAN-VF-002.yaml"},{"id":"LAN-VF-003","name":"言语流畅性 fNIRS 组块设计","english":"Verbal fluency fNIRS block design","aliases":["fNIRS VFT","clinical fNIRS verbal fluency task"],"family":"language","modalities":["fNIRS"],"markers":["MK.HbO_prefrontal"],"description":"言语流畅性任务期中被试按依次给出的字母（或类别）线索出声说词，任务期前后各有重复简单序列（如元音或数数）的控制期；主要指标是任务期相对控制期的前额氧合血红蛋白增加。该协议广泛用于精神科临床 fNIRS 研究。","descriptionEnglish":"A verbal fluency task period, in which participants say aloud words for successive letter (or category) cues, is preceded and followed by control periods of repeating a simple sequence (for example vowels or counting); the prefrontal oxygenated-haemoglobin increase during the task period relative to the control periods is the main measure. The protocol is widely used in clinical psychiatric fNIRS studies.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/language/LAN-VF-003.yaml"},{"id":"LAN-VG-001","name":"动词生成","english":"Verb generation","aliases":["Verb Gen","verb generation task"],"family":"language","modalities":["fMRI","fNIRS"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_language_network"],"description":"被试看到或听到名词后，为每个名词生成一个相关动词（如“锤子”—“敲”），并与单纯复述或朗读名词比较。动词生成激活左侧额下回及语言网络其他部分，常用于临床语言偏侧化评估。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants see or hear nouns and generate an associated verb for each (for example 'hammer' - 'pound'), compared with simply repeating or reading the noun. Verb generation activates the left inferior frontal gyrus and other parts of the language network, and the task is widely used for clinical language lateralisation.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/language/LAN-VG-001.yaml"},{"id":"LAN-VWFA-001","name":"视觉词形加工（字词定位）","english":"Visual word form processing","aliases":["VWFA localizer","words vs consonant strings","print tuning","orthographic localizer"],"family":"language","modalities":["fMRI","EEG"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_category_selective","MK.N170"],"description":"被试观看书面词语以及辅音串、伪字体、面孔或物体等对照刺激，常配合简单的检测任务。与对照串相比，书面词语在左侧腹侧枕颞“视觉词形区”诱发更强的响应，并诱发更大、左侧化的枕颞 N170（文字调谐）。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants view written words alongside control stimuli such as consonant strings, false fonts, faces or objects, often with a simple detection task. Written words evoke stronger responses in the left ventral occipitotemporal 'visual word form area' and a larger, left-lateralised occipitotemporal N170 than control strings (print tuning).","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/language/LAN-VWFA-001.yaml"},{"id":"MEM-CD-001","name":"变化检测","english":"Change detection","aliases":["Change detection task","Luck-Vogel Task","VWM Capacity Task","Visual working memory change detection"],"family":"memory","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.CDA"],"description":"短暂呈现分布于整个屏幕的简单视觉项目（如彩色方块）记忆阵列，经过短暂空白保持期后呈现测试阵列，其中可能有一个项目发生变化，被试报告是否有变化。通过改变集合大小估计视觉工作记忆容量。在这一全视野配置中不能直接测得本类的标记物（对侧延迟活动），后者由偏侧化配置 MEM-CD-003 获得。","descriptionEnglish":"A memory array of simple visual items (for example coloured squares) is briefly shown across the display, followed by a short blank retention interval and a test array in which one item may have changed; participants report whether a change occurred. Set size is varied to estimate visual working-memory capacity. In this whole-display configuration the class marker (contralateral delay activity) is not directly measurable; it is obtained with the lateralised configuration MEM-CD-003.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/memory/MEM-CD-001.yaml"},{"id":"MEM-CD-002","name":"延迟估计（连续报告）","english":"Delayed estimation (continuous report)","aliases":["delayed estimation","continuous report","colour wheel task"],"family":"memory","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.CDA"],"description":"记忆阵列之后是保持期，随后探测一个位置，被试在连续量尺上复现该项目被记住的特征（如在色轮上选颜色或调整朝向）。误差分布把记忆精度与存储概率分开；保持期 EEG 活动（如 CDA）与记忆负荷和精度相关。","descriptionEnglish":"A memory array of simple items is followed by a retention interval, after which one location is probed and participants reproduce the remembered feature of that item on a continuous scale (for example by selecting a colour on a colour wheel or adjusting an orientation). The error distribution separates the precision of memory from the probability of having stored the item; delay-period EEG activity such as the CDA is related to memory load and precision.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/memory/MEM-CD-002.yaml"},{"id":"MEM-CD-003","name":"偏侧化变化检测（CDA）","english":"Lateralised change detection (CDA)","aliases":["CDA paradigm","Lateralized change detection","Vogel-Machizawa task"],"family":"memory","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.CDA"],"description":"每个试次开始时箭头线索指示被试只记忆双侧记忆阵列中一侧视野的项目；短暂保持期后呈现测试阵列，被试报告被提示一侧是否有项目变化。保持期内记忆一侧对侧后部电极的持续负波（对侧延迟活动，CDA）随所保持项目数增加，直至个体容量上限。","descriptionEnglish":"An arrow cue at the start of each trial tells participants to remember the items in one hemifield of a bilateral memory array; after a short retention interval, a test array is shown and participants report whether an item in the cued hemifield changed. The sustained negativity over posterior sites contralateral to the memorised hemifield during the delay (contralateral delay activity, CDA) increases with the number of items held, up to the individual capacity limit.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/memory/MEM-CD-003.yaml"},{"id":"MEM-CFMT-001","name":"剑桥面孔记忆","english":"Cambridge face memory test","aliases":["CFMT","Cambridge Face Memory","Cambridge Face Test"],"family":"memory","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.N170","MK.BOLD_category_selective"],"description":"被试从多个视角学习陌生面孔，然后在难度递增的三选一强迫选择试次中（包括新视角和加噪声的图片）从干扰面孔中识别学过的面孔。该测验用于刻画个体的面孔识别能力，其成绩与面孔选择性的神经响应（如 N170 和腹侧视觉皮层面孔选择区的 BOLD 活动）相关。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants learn unfamiliar faces from several viewpoints and then identify the learned face among distractor faces in three-alternative forced-choice trials of increasing difficulty, including novel views and added visual noise. Performance on the test is used to characterise individual face-recognition ability and is related to face-selective neural responses such as the N170 and BOLD activity in face-selective ventral visual cortex.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/memory/MEM-CFMT-001.yaml"},{"id":"MEM-CIT-001","name":"隐匿信息测试（P300）","english":"Concealed information test (P300-based)","aliases":["CIT","guilty knowledge test","P300-based concealed information test","memory detection","P300-based CIT","brain fingerprinting","ERP lie detection"],"family":"memory","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.P3b"],"description":"逐个呈现单个项目：与只有知情者才知道的信息（如模拟犯罪细节）相关的探测项、若干同样合理的无关项，以及所有被试都需以不同按键确认的靶项。探测项只对知情被试有意义，因而比无关项诱发更大的 P3b，以探测项与无关项之差检测被隐瞒的再认。","descriptionEnglish":"Single items are presented one at a time: a probe related to information known only to knowledgeable participants (for example a detail of a mock crime), several equally plausible irrelevant items, and a target item that all participants must acknowledge with a distinct button press. Because the probe is meaningful only for a knowledgeable participant, it elicits a larger P3b than irrelevant items, and the probe-irrelevant difference is used to detect concealed recognition.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/memory/MEM-CIT-001.yaml"},{"id":"MEM-CIT-002","name":"复合试次协议（P300 隐匿信息测试）","english":"Complex trial protocol (P300 CIT)","aliases":["Complex Trial Protocol","CTP"],"family":"memory","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.P3b"],"description":"每个试次包含两个刺激：先是探测项或无关项，被试不论类型都按同一个键确认；随后是靶或非靶项目，需要区分性反应。这样把探测项与靶任务分开，目的是使探测项诱发的 P3b 比三刺激协议更能抵抗反测谎手段。","descriptionEnglish":"Each trial contains two stimuli: first a probe or an irrelevant item, which participants acknowledge with a single button press regardless of type, and then a target or non-target item that requires a differentiated response. Separating the probe from the target task in this way was introduced to make the probe-elicited P3b more resistant to countermeasures than in the three-stimulus protocol.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/memory/MEM-CIT-002.yaml"},{"id":"MEM-DF-001","name":"定向遗忘","english":"Directed forgetting","aliases":["DF Task","Item-Method DF","List-Method DF"],"family":"memory","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.alpha_posterior","MK.BOLD_dlPFC"],"description":"被试逐个学习项目，每个项目后出现记住或遗忘的指示（逐项法），随后测试全部项目的记忆。被指示遗忘的项目记得较差；项目后指示期伴随后部 α 功率与背外侧前额叶活动的变化，被解释为停止复述或主动抑制。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants study items one at a time, and after each item an instruction tells them to remember it or to forget it (item method); memory for all items is later tested. Forget-cued items are remembered less well, and the post-item cue period is associated with changes in posterior alpha power and dorsolateral prefrontal activity interpreted as withdrawal of rehearsal or active suppression.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/memory/MEM-DF-001.yaml"},{"id":"MEM-DF-002","name":"列表法定向遗忘","english":"List-method directed forgetting","aliases":["list-method directed forgetting","LMDF"],"family":"memory","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.alpha_posterior"],"description":"被试学习第一个列表后，收到遗忘该列表或继续记住的指示，然后学习第二个列表；最后测试两个列表的记忆。遗忘指示降低列表 1 的回忆并提高列表 2 的回忆；EEG 研究把遗忘指示与振荡活动的变化联系起来，并解释为心理情境转换或抑制。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants study a first list of items and then receive an instruction either to forget that list or to keep remembering it, before studying a second list; memory for both lists is tested at the end. A forget instruction reduces recall of list 1 and enhances recall of list 2, and EEG studies relate the forget cue to changes in oscillatory activity that are interpreted as a shift of mental context or inhibition.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/memory/MEM-DF-002.yaml"},{"id":"MEM-DMS-001","name":"延迟匹配","english":"Delayed match-to-sample","aliases":["DMS","DMTS","Delayed matching task","Delayed non-match-to-sample (variant)"],"family":"memory","modalities":["EEG","MEG"],"markers":["MK.alpha_posterior","MK.gamma_power"],"description":"先呈现样本刺激，经过空白延迟后呈现探测刺激，被试判断探测是否与样本相同。延迟期分离出保持过程；人类 EEG/MEG 研究报告延迟期后部 α 的调制以及随记忆内容变化的头皮 γ 功率增加。","descriptionEnglish":"A sample stimulus is presented, followed by a blank delay and then a probe; participants indicate whether the probe matches the sample. The delay isolates maintenance, and human EEG/MEG studies report delay-period modulation of posterior alpha and increases of scalp gamma power that depend on the memorized content.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/memory/MEM-DMS-001.yaml"},{"id":"MEM-DRM-001","name":"错误记忆（DRM）","english":"Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm","aliases":["DRM paradigm","False memory word-list paradigm"],"family":"memory","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.FN400","MK.parietal_old_new"],"description":"被试学习若干词表，每个词表中的词都是同一个未呈现的关键诱饵词的语义联想词，随后进行回忆或再认测试，关键诱饵词常被错误地“记起”。ERP 研究比较学过的词、关键诱饵词与无关新词，利用额中部（FN400）和左顶叶新旧效应区分熟悉性与回忆对真实再认和错误再认的贡献。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants study lists of words that are all semantic associates of a single non-presented critical lure and are later tested by recall or recognition; the critical lure is frequently falsely remembered. ERP studies compare studied words, critical lures and unrelated new words, using the mid-frontal (FN400) and left parietal old/new effects to separate familiarity- and recollection-based contributions to true and false recognition.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/memory/MEM-DRM-001.yaml"},{"id":"MEM-DS-001","name":"数字广度","english":"Digit span","aliases":["DS","Forward/Backward Span"],"family":"memory","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.frontal_midline_theta"],"description":"被试听到或看到长度递增的数字序列，并按原顺序复述（顺背广度）；广度为能正确复述的最长序列。计算机化版本的 EEG 研究报告编码与保持期额中线 θ 随负荷增加。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants hear or see sequences of digits of increasing length and repeat them in the same order (forward span); span is the longest sequence reproduced correctly. EEG studies of computerised versions report load-related increases of frontal-midline theta during encoding and maintenance.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/memory/MEM-DS-001.yaml"},{"id":"MEM-DS-002","name":"倒背数字广度","english":"Backward digit span","aliases":["digit span backward","backward span"],"family":"memory","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.frontal_midline_theta"],"description":"被试听到或看到数字序列，并按相反顺序复述；序列长度递增直到复述失败。倒序在保持之外增加了操作成分；与 ERP 兼容的计算机化版本以固定速率呈现数字并设置探测或反应期，以便对编码与保持相关活动做平均。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants hear or see sequences of digits and reproduce them in reverse order; sequence length increases until recall fails. Reversing the order adds manipulation to maintenance; ERP-compatible computerised versions present digits at a fixed rate with a probe or response period so that encoding- and retention-related activity can be averaged.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/memory/MEM-DS-002.yaml"},{"id":"MEM-EFT-001","name":"情景未来思维","english":"Episodic future thinking","aliases":["EFT","future event simulation","past-future event construction"],"family":"memory","modalities":["fMRI"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_hippocampus","MK.BOLD_mPFC"],"description":"在词语线索提示下，被试回忆具体的个人过去事件，或想象具体而合理的未来事件，通常分为构建和细化两个阶段。回忆与想象都激活包括海马和内侧前额叶在内的共同核心网络，部分区域在想象未来时比回忆过去时更活跃。","descriptionEnglish":"Cued by words, participants either remember specific past personal events or imagine specific plausible future events, typically with separate construction and elaboration phases. Both remembering and imagining engage a common core network including the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex, with some regions more active for future than past events.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/memory/MEM-EFT-001.yaml"},{"id":"MEM-FR-001","name":"自由回忆与词表学习","english":"Free recall / list learning","aliases":["Recall Task","Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test","Rey Verbal Learning"],"family":"memory","modalities":["EEG","sEEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.Dm","MK.high_gamma"],"description":"被试逐个学习词表中的词，经过延迟或分心任务后以任意顺序尽可能多地回忆；每个学习—测试循环使用新词表。编码期之后被回忆与被遗忘词之间的活动差异（后续记忆效应，Dm）以及成功编码和提取时颅内高 γ 功率的增加是主要神经指标。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants study a list of words presented one at a time and, after a delay or distractor task, recall as many words as possible in any order; a new list is used on each study-test cycle. Encoding-period activity that differs between later-recalled and later-forgotten words (the subsequent memory effect, Dm) and intracranial high-gamma power increases during successful encoding and retrieval are the main neural measures.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/memory/MEM-FR-001.yaml"},{"id":"MEM-FR-002","name":"Rey 听觉词语学习测验","english":"Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test","aliases":["RAVLT","Rey AVLT"],"family":"memory","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.Dm"],"description":"朗读 15 个词的列表，连续五次学习—回忆，然后呈现一次干扰列表，再进行第一列表的短延迟回忆、长延迟回忆与再认测试。这是临床评估言语学习与记忆的标准测验；神经研究用改编版本把编码期活动与之后的回忆联系起来。","descriptionEnglish":"A list of 15 words is read aloud and recalled over five consecutive learning trials, followed by a single interference list, a short-delay recall of the first list, a long-delay recall and a recognition test. The test is a standard clinical measure of verbal learning and memory; neural studies use adapted versions to relate encoding activity to later recall.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/memory/MEM-FR-002.yaml"},{"id":"MEM-META-001","name":"元记忆（知晓感、学习判断）","english":"Metamemory (feeling-of-knowing / judgment-of-learning)","aliases":["FOK Task","Feeling-of-Knowing Judgment","Hart FOK Paradigm","JOL Task","Judgment-of-Learning Paradigm","Metacognitive Prediction Task"],"family":"memory","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_frontopolar"],"description":"在知晓感（FOK）程序中，被试先尝试回忆问题答案或线索词的目标；对未能回忆的项目评定自己之后能认出答案的可能性，随后进行再认测试。以再认成绩评估 FOK 的准确性；fMRI 研究显示元记忆判断激活额极（前部前额叶）皮层。","descriptionEnglish":"In the feeling-of-knowing (FOK) procedure participants first try to recall answers to questions or targets of cue words; for items they fail to recall they rate how likely they are to recognise the answer, and a recognition test follows. FOK accuracy is assessed against recognition performance, and metamemory judgments engage frontopolar (anterior prefrontal) cortex in fMRI studies.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/memory/MEM-META-001.yaml"},{"id":"MEM-META-002","name":"学习判断（JOL）","english":"Judgment of learning","aliases":["JOL","judgment of learning","delayed JOL"],"family":"memory","modalities":["fMRI"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_frontopolar"],"description":"被试学习词对等项目，每项学完后（立即或延迟）预测自己在之后测试中记住它的可能性，随后进行线索回忆测试。以回忆成绩衡量预测准确性，延迟判断通常比立即判断更准确。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants study items such as word pairs and, after each item (immediately or after a delay), predict how likely they are to remember it on a later test; a cued-recall test follows. The accuracy of the predictions is measured against recall, and delayed judgments are typically more accurate than immediate ones.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/memory/MEM-META-002.yaml"},{"id":"MEM-MST-001","name":"记忆相似性（模式分离）","english":"Mnemonic similarity task","aliases":["MST","Mnemonic Discrimination Task","Mnemonic Similarity","Pattern Separation Task"],"family":"memory","modalities":["fMRI"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_hippocampus"],"description":"被试在附带编码阶段观看日常物体图片，随后把测试项目判断为“旧”“相似”或“新”；相似诱饵与学过的项目在知觉上相近。把诱饵正确判断为“相似”反映行为上的模式分离；fMRI 研究显示海马齿状回/CA3 区对诱饵的 BOLD 响应与对新项目的响应相似。","descriptionEnglish":"After an incidental encoding phase with pictures of everyday objects, participants judge test items as old, similar or new; similar lures are perceptually related to studied items. Correctly calling lures 'similar' indexes behavioural pattern separation, and fMRI studies show lure-related BOLD responses in the hippocampal dentate gyrus/CA3 region that resemble responses to new items.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/memory/MEM-MST-001.yaml"},{"id":"MEM-MST-002","name":"偶然编码的记忆相似性（重复抑制设计）","english":"Incidental mnemonic similarity (repetition suppression)","aliases":["pattern separation repetition-suppression design"],"family":"memory","modalities":["fMRI"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_hippocampus"],"description":"呈现日常物体图片：有的只出现一次，有的重复，有的之后出现相似诱饵，被试只做与记忆无关的偶然判断（如室内或室外），不需要再认决策。以海马对诱饵的 BOLD 反应是像重复项那样出现重复抑制、还是像新项目那样恢复，推断模式分离。","descriptionEnglish":"Pictures of everyday objects are shown once, repeated, or followed by a similar lure while participants perform an incidental judgement unrelated to memory (for example indoor versus outdoor); no recognition decision is required. Pattern separation is inferred from whether the hippocampal BOLD response to lures shows repetition suppression like repeats or recovers like new items.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/memory/MEM-MST-002.yaml"},{"id":"MEM-NAV-001","name":"虚拟空间导航记忆","english":"Virtual spatial navigation","aliases":["Morris Water Maze","RAM","Radial Arm Maze","Spatial navigation memory","Virtual Morris water maze","Virtual Radial Arm Maze","Virtual navigation task","Virtual town navigation"],"family":"memory","modalities":["sEEG","EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.hippocampal_theta","MK.BOLD_hippocampus"],"description":"被试以第一人称视角学习虚拟城镇，随后导航到目标地点：或寻找新路线（寻路），或沿熟悉路线行进；测量空间记忆与导航准确性。导航与空间学习伴随颅内记录中的海马 θ 振荡，以及与使用基于地点策略相关的海马 BOLD 响应。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants learn a virtual town from a first-person view and then navigate to target locations, either finding new routes (wayfinding) or following well-learned routes; spatial-memory performance and navigation accuracy are measured. Navigation and spatial learning are associated with hippocampal theta oscillations in intracranial recordings and with hippocampal BOLD responses that relate to the use of place-based strategies.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/memory/MEM-NAV-001.yaml"},{"id":"MEM-NAV-002","name":"虚拟放射臂迷宫","english":"Virtual radial arm maze","aliases":["virtual radial maze","VRAM"],"family":"memory","modalities":["fMRI"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_hippocampus"],"description":"在第一人称虚拟环境中，被试从带有若干臂的中央平台出发，通过进入各臂收集奖励，避免再次进入已访问的臂（工作记忆错误）和从未放置奖励的臂（参考记忆错误）。远端地标支持基于地点的策略；考察策略的版本把海马灰质与活动和地点学习联系起来。","descriptionEnglish":"In a first-person virtual environment, participants start from a central platform with several arms and must collect rewards by visiting arms, avoiding re-entries into arms already visited (working-memory errors) and arms never baited (reference-memory errors). Distal landmarks support place-based strategies, and versions that probe strategy use relate hippocampal grey matter and activity to place learning.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/memory/MEM-NAV-002.yaml"},{"id":"MEM-NAV-003","name":"虚拟 Morris 水迷宫","english":"Virtual Morris water maze","aliases":["virtual Morris water task","vMWM","virtual water maze"],"family":"memory","modalities":["fMRI","sEEG"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_hippocampus","MK.hippocampal_theta"],"description":"被试在四周有远端线索的虚拟圆形水池中，从不同起点出发寻找隐藏平台；之后进行无平台的探测试次，以在目标象限停留的时间衡量地点记忆。虚拟水迷宫中的地点学习与海马活动和 θ 振荡相关。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants navigate a virtual circular pool surrounded by distal cues to find a hidden platform from varying start positions across trials, followed by a probe trial without the platform in which time spent in the target quadrant measures place memory. Place learning in the virtual water maze is associated with hippocampal activity and theta oscillations.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/memory/MEM-NAV-003.yaml"},{"id":"MEM-NBK-001","name":"n-back","english":"n-back task","aliases":["Kirchner task","N-Back"],"family":"memory","modalities":["EEG","fNIRS","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.frontal_midline_theta","MK.P3b","MK.alpha_posterior","MK.HbO_prefrontal","MK.BOLD_frontoparietal"],"description":"被试监视单一序列刺激流，每当当前项目与 n 个位置之前的项目相同时作出反应，每轮 n 固定。n-back 负荷在刺激不变的情况下提高工作记忆需求；负荷越高，额中线 θ 越强、后部 α 越弱、探测刺激的 P3b 越小，前额与额顶血流动力学响应也随负荷变化。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants monitor a single stream of serially presented stimuli and respond whenever the current item matches the item presented n positions earlier, with n fixed for a run. The n-back load increases working-memory demand while keeping the stimuli constant; higher load is accompanied by increased frontal-midline theta, decreased posterior alpha, a reduced P3b to probes and load-dependent prefrontal and frontoparietal hemodynamic responses.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/memory/MEM-NBK-001.yaml"},{"id":"MEM-NBK-002","name":"含 0-back 控制的多负荷 n-back（组块设计）","english":"Parametric n-back with 0-back control (block design)","aliases":["parametric n-back","0-back/1-back/2-back/3-back","n-back workload paradigm"],"family":"memory","modalities":["EEG","fNIRS","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.frontal_midline_theta","MK.P3b","MK.alpha_posterior","MK.HbO_prefrontal","MK.BOLD_frontoparietal"],"description":"不同负荷的 n-back 组块（通常包括对固定靶反应的 0-back 控制以及两个或以上 n > 0 的水平）与休息或彼此交替，比较或分类不同负荷水平的神经活动。这是神经影像与被动式 BCI 心理负荷研究的标准协议：负荷增加使额中线 θ 增强、后部 α 与 P3b 波幅降低、前额与额顶血流动力学响应增加。","descriptionEnglish":"Blocks of n-back with different loads (typically a 0-back control in which participants respond to a fixed target, and two or more n > 0 levels) alternate with rest or with each other, and neural activity is compared or classified across load levels. This is the standard neuroimaging and passive-BCI mental-workload protocol: load increases frontal-midline theta, decreases posterior alpha and P3b amplitude, and increases prefrontal and frontoparietal hemodynamic responses.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/memory/MEM-NBK-002.yaml"},{"id":"MEM-NBK-003","name":"双通道 n-back","english":"Dual n-back","aliases":["dual n-back","dual-modality n-back","audio-visual n-back"],"family":"memory","modalities":["fMRI"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_frontoparietal"],"description":"同时呈现两个独立的刺激流，通常是屏幕上方块的空间位置与口语字母，被试同时监视两个流中的 n-back 匹配，并对视觉与听觉靶分别作出反应。两个流的结合使负荷超过单流 n-back；fMRI 研究比较单任务与双任务版本中随负荷变化的前额叶活动。","descriptionEnglish":"Two independent stimulus streams are presented simultaneously, typically spatial positions of a square on a screen and spoken letters, and participants monitor both streams for n-back matches, responding separately to visual and auditory targets. Combining two streams raises the load beyond single-stream n-back; fMRI studies compare load-dependent prefrontal activity in single and dual versions.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/memory/MEM-NBK-003.yaml"},{"id":"MEM-NBK-004","name":"自适应双 n-back 训练","english":"Adaptive dual n-back training","aliases":["n-back training","adaptive n-back","working memory training (dual n-back)"],"family":"memory","modalities":["fMRI"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_frontoparietal"],"description":"被试多次训练双 n-back，每个组块后根据成绩调整 n，使任务始终保持较高难度；训练前后以未训练的测验评估迁移。该范式用于研究工作记忆训练及其神经与行为迁移效应。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants train on the dual n-back over many sessions, and the level n is adjusted from block to block according to their performance so that the task stays demanding; transfer is assessed with untrained tests before and after training. The paradigm is used to study working-memory training and its neural and behavioural transfer effects.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/memory/MEM-NBK-004.yaml"},{"id":"MEM-ON-001","name":"新旧再认","english":"Old/new recognition","aliases":["ERP old/new effect","Old/new paradigm","Recognition Memory Test","Yes/No Recognition","Remember/know paradigm","R/K Paradigm","Remember-Know"],"family":"memory","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.FN400","MK.parietal_old_new"],"description":"学习阶段之后，学过的（旧）项目与未学过的（新）项目混合呈现，被试判断每个项目是旧还是新。正确再认的旧项目比正确拒绝的新项目诱发更正的 ERP：较早的额中部效应（FN400）与熟悉性相关，较晚的左顶叶效应与回想相关。","descriptionEnglish":"After a study phase, participants see studied (old) items intermixed with unstudied (new) items and judge whether each item is old or new. Correctly recognised old items elicit more positive ERPs than correctly rejected new items: an earlier mid-frontal effect (FN400) associated with familiarity and a later left parietal effect associated with recollection.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/memory/MEM-ON-001.yaml"},{"id":"MEM-ON-002","name":"记得/知道再认","english":"Remember/know recognition","aliases":["Remember/know","R/K procedure","remember-know paradigm"],"family":"memory","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.FN400","MK.parietal_old_new"],"description":"测试时，被试把认出的项目分为“记得”（能回想起学习情节的具体细节）或“知道”（只有熟悉感而无回想），其他项目判为新。ERP 与 fMRI 研究比较“记得”与“知道”反应，以分离与回想和熟悉性相关的活动，如顶叶新旧效应与 FN400。","descriptionEnglish":"At test, participants classify each item they recognise as 'remember' (recollection of specific details of the study episode) or 'know' (familiarity without recollection), and other items as new. ERP and fMRI studies compare remember and know responses to separate recollection- and familiarity-related activity such as the parietal old/new effect and the FN400.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/memory/MEM-ON-002.yaml"},{"id":"MEM-PA-001","name":"配对联想学习","english":"Paired-associate learning","aliases":["Associative memory task","Cued recall of word pairs","Paired Associate Learning","Paired Associates Learning"],"family":"memory","modalities":["EEG","fMRI","sEEG"],"markers":["MK.hippocampal_theta","MK.BOLD_hippocampus"],"description":"被试学习词—词配对，随后以每对的第一个词为线索回忆（或再认）其配对词。成功的联想编码与提取伴随海马 BOLD 活动以及颅内记录中的海马 θ 振荡。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants study pairs of words and are later cued with the first word of each pair to recall (or recognise) its associate. Successful associative encoding and retrieval are associated with hippocampal BOLD activity and with hippocampal theta oscillations in intracranial recordings.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/memory/MEM-PA-001.yaml"},{"id":"MEM-PA-002","name":"视空间配对联想学习","english":"Visuospatial paired-associate learning","aliases":["object-location paired associates","visuospatial PAL","PAL"],"family":"memory","modalities":["fMRI"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_hippocampus"],"description":"图案或物体逐一呈现在不同位置，随后被试指出每个图案或物体出现过的位置；配对数逐级增加。该任务用于记忆障碍的临床评估，fMRI 版本显示编码与提取物体—位置配对时的海马活动。","descriptionEnglish":"Patterns or objects are shown one at a time in different locations, and participants then have to indicate the location in which each pattern or object appeared; the number of pairs increases across stages. The task is used in clinical assessment of memory impairment, and fMRI versions show hippocampal activity during encoding and retrieval of object-location pairs.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/memory/MEM-PA-002.yaml"},{"id":"MEM-PM-001","name":"前瞻记忆","english":"Prospective memory","aliases":["Einstein-McDaniel Paradigm","Event-Based Prospective Memory","PM Task","PMTASK"],"family":"memory","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.N300_prospective","MK.BOLD_frontopolar"],"description":"被试执行进行中任务，同时保持一个意图：当进行中任务的刺激中出现特定事件线索时作出另一反应（事件型前瞻记忆）。前瞻记忆线索比进行中任务刺激在枕顶部诱发 N300，保持意图激活前部前额叶（额极）皮层。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants perform an ongoing task while holding an intention to make a different response when a specific event cue appears among the ongoing-task stimuli (event-based prospective memory). Prospective-memory cues elicit an N300 over occipito-parietal sites relative to ongoing-task stimuli, and maintaining the intention engages anterior prefrontal (frontopolar) cortex.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/memory/MEM-PM-001.yaml"},{"id":"MEM-PM-002","name":"时间型前瞻记忆","english":"Time-based prospective memory","aliases":["time-based prospective memory","TBPM"],"family":"memory","modalities":["fMRI"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_frontopolar"],"description":"被试执行进行中任务，同时须在指定时刻（如每隔一分钟）作出前瞻记忆反应，通常可以查看时钟；没有外部事件线索。fMRI 显示前部前额叶的短暂活动在查看时钟之前增加，与事件型前瞻记忆中报告的持续活动不同。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants perform an ongoing task and must make a prospective-memory response at specified times (for example every minute), usually with the option of checking a clock; there is no external event cue. fMRI shows transient anterior prefrontal activity that increases before clock checks, in contrast to the sustained activity reported for event-based prospective memory.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/memory/MEM-PM-002.yaml"},{"id":"MEM-RC-001","name":"回溯线索","english":"Retro-cue paradigm","aliases":["Retrocue task","Retrospective cueing"],"family":"memory","modalities":["EEG","MEG"],"markers":["MK.alpha_lateralization"],"description":"被试编码记忆阵列，在保持期中出现线索，指示哪个项目或哪一侧视野将被测试；与无线索或无信息线索相比，被提示项目的成绩提高。指向内部表征一侧的回溯线索引起后部 α 偏侧化，表现为被提示位置对侧的 α 相对降低。","descriptionEnglish":"A memory array is encoded and, during the retention interval, a cue indicates which item or hemifield will be tested; performance improves for the cued item relative to no-cue or uninformative-cue trials. Retro-cues directing attention to one hemifield of the internal representation produce posterior alpha lateralization, with relative alpha decrease contralateral to the cued location.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/memory/MEM-RC-001.yaml"},{"id":"MEM-RIF-001","name":"提取诱发遗忘","english":"Retrieval-induced forgetting","aliases":["RIF","retrieval-practice paradigm"],"family":"memory","modalities":["fMRI","EEG"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_category_selective"],"description":"被试学习类别—样例词对，然后对部分类别中的部分样例反复进行提取练习，最后回忆全部项目。被练习类别中未被练习的样例，其回忆成绩低于未被练习类别的项目；fMRI 显示，在提取练习过程中，竞争记忆在类别选择性视觉皮层中的激活模式逐渐受到抑制。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants study category-exemplar pairs, then repeatedly retrieve a subset of exemplars from some categories (retrieval practice), and finally recall all items. Unpractised exemplars from practised categories are recalled worse than items from unpractised categories, and fMRI shows that the cortical activity patterns of competing memories are progressively suppressed in category-selective visual cortex across retrieval practice.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/memory/MEM-RIF-001.yaml"},{"id":"MEM-RMEM-001","name":"奖赏驱动的记忆编码","english":"Reward-motivated memory encoding","aliases":["reward-motivated memory","high/low reward encoding","value-directed remembering"],"family":"memory","modalities":["fMRI"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_striatum_reward","MK.BOLD_hippocampus"],"description":"每个项目学习前，线索提示成功记住该项目将获得高奖赏或低奖赏，之后（常在延迟后）测试记忆。高奖赏线索提高中脑边缘奖赏系统的活动，预期性的奖赏相关活动与海马活动共同预测更好的后续记忆。","descriptionEnglish":"Before each item is studied, a cue signals whether successfully remembering it will earn a high or a low reward; memory is tested later, often after a delay. High-reward cues increase activity in the mesolimbic reward system, and anticipatory reward-related activity together with hippocampal activity predicts better subsequent memory.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/memory/MEM-RMEM-001.yaml"},{"id":"MEM-RPRIM-001","name":"重复启动（内隐记忆）","english":"Repetition priming","aliases":["repetition suppression","fMRI adaptation (memory)","word repetition effect","implicit memory priming"],"family":"memory","modalities":["fMRI","EEG"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_category_selective","MK.N400"],"description":"词语、图片或面孔等刺激先呈现一次，之后（通常在附带任务中）重复呈现，在不要求有意识回忆的情况下测量重复项目的行为易化。与首次呈现相比，重复项目在腹侧视觉皮层和前额叶诱发较弱的 BOLD 响应（重复抑制），对于词语还表现为 N400 减弱。","descriptionEnglish":"Stimuli such as words, pictures or faces are presented once and later repeated, usually in an incidental task, and behavioural facilitation for repeated items is measured without requiring conscious recollection. Repeated items evoke reduced BOLD responses in ventral visual and prefrontal cortex (repetition suppression) and, for words, an attenuated N400 relative to first presentations.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/memory/MEM-RPRIM-001.yaml"},{"id":"MEM-RPT-001","name":"近期探测任务（前摄干扰）","english":"Recent-probes task","aliases":["recent negative probes","item-recognition with recent probes","proactive interference in working memory"],"family":"memory","modalities":["fMRI"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_left_IFG"],"description":"一种项目再认（Sternberg 型）任务，其中部分负探测项属于上一试次的记忆集（近期负探测项），其余不属于；拒绝近期负探测项更慢、更易出错，反映工作记忆中的前摄干扰。解决该干扰稳定地伴随左侧额下回 BOLD 活动增强。","descriptionEnglish":"An item-recognition (Sternberg-type) task in which some negative probes were members of the previous trial's memory set (recent negatives) while others were not; rejecting recent negatives is slower and more error-prone, indexing proactive interference in working memory. Resolution of this interference is consistently associated with increased BOLD activity in left inferior frontal gyrus.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/memory/MEM-RPT-001.yaml"},{"id":"MEM-SB-001","name":"Sternberg 工作记忆","english":"Sternberg task","aliases":["Memory Search Task","Memory scanning task","Sternberg Memory Scanning","Sternberg item recognition"],"family":"memory","modalities":["EEG","MEG"],"markers":["MK.frontal_midline_theta","MK.alpha_posterior"],"description":"先呈现包含一到数个项目的记忆集，经过保持期后呈现单个探测项，被试判断探测项是否属于记忆集。反应时随记忆集大小增加而延长；保持期内额中线 θ 与后部 α 功率随记忆负荷增加而增强。","descriptionEnglish":"A memory set of one to several items is presented, followed by a retention interval and a single probe; participants decide whether the probe was in the set. Reaction time increases with set size, and during retention frontal-midline theta and posterior alpha power increase with memory load.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/memory/MEM-SB-001.yaml"},{"id":"MEM-SME-001","name":"后续记忆效应","english":"Subsequent memory paradigm","aliases":["Difference due to memory (Dm)","SME paradigm","Subsequent memory effect"],"family":"memory","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.Dm","MK.BOLD_hippocampus"],"description":"记录项目编码时的神经活动，并按每个项目在随后记忆测试中被记住还是被遗忘进行分类。后来被记住的项目在编码时诱发更正的 ERP（记忆差异效应，Dm），并在海马和内侧颞叶表现出更强的编码相关 BOLD 活动。","descriptionEnglish":"Neural activity recorded while items are encoded is sorted according to whether each item is later remembered or forgotten in a subsequent memory test. Later-remembered items show more positive ERPs during encoding (difference due to memory, Dm) and greater encoding-related BOLD activity in the hippocampus and medial temporal lobe.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/memory/MEM-SME-001.yaml"},{"id":"MEM-SRC-001","name":"来源记忆","english":"Source memory","aliases":["Context Memory Task","Reality Monitoring Task","Source Judgment Task","Source Monitoring Task"],"family":"memory","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.right_frontal_old_new"],"description":"项目在两种或以上的情境之一中学习（如呈现在左侧或右侧、由两种声音之一朗读、配合两种编码任务之一）；测试时被试再认项目并报告其学习情境。除较早的再认效应外，来源信息的提取还伴随晚期持续的右额新旧 ERP 效应。","descriptionEnglish":"Items are studied in one of two or more contexts (for example presented on the left or right, in one of two voices, or with one of two encoding tasks); at test, participants recognise items and report the context in which each was studied. Retrieval of source information is associated with a late, sustained right frontal old/new ERP effect in addition to the earlier recognition effects.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/memory/MEM-SRC-001.yaml"},{"id":"MEM-SRE-001","name":"自我参照编码","english":"Self-referential encoding","aliases":["SRET","Self-Reference Effect Paradigm","Self-Referential Processing Task","Trait Adjective Endorsement Task"],"family":"memory","modalities":["fMRI","EEG"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_mPFC"],"description":"被试在不同编码指令下判断人格形容词，例如该词是否描述自己、是否描述他人或是否具有某种字形特征，随后进行意外记忆测试。与他人参照或语义判断相比，自我参照判断带来更好的记忆，并更强地激活内侧前额叶。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants judge trait adjectives under different encoding instructions, for example whether the word describes themselves, describes another person, or has a particular structural property, and are later given a surprise memory test. Self-referential judgments produce better memory and engage medial prefrontal cortex more than other-referential or semantic judgments.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/memory/MEM-SRE-001.yaml"},{"id":"MEM-SWM-001","name":"空间工作记忆","english":"Spatial working memory","aliases":["Block Tapping","CANTAB SWM","Corsi","Corsi Span","Corsi block-tapping","Spatial delayed response","Spatial span","Spatial working memory task"],"family":"memory","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_frontoparietal"],"description":"主试依次敲击（或计算机依次点亮）板上的若干方块，被试复现这一序列；广度为能正确复现的最长序列（Corsi 方块敲击）。空间工作记忆保持激活额顶区域的血流动力学活动。","descriptionEnglish":"The experimenter taps (or a computer highlights) a sequence of blocks on a board, and participants reproduce the sequence; span is the longest sequence reproduced correctly (Corsi block tapping). Spatial working-memory maintenance engages frontoparietal hemodynamic activity.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/memory/MEM-SWM-001.yaml"},{"id":"MEM-TMR-001","name":"睡眠中目标记忆再激活","english":"Targeted memory reactivation","aliases":["Cued memory reactivation during sleep","TMR"],"family":"memory","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.sleep_spindle","MK.slow_wave"],"description":"学习时每个项目与各自的声音相关联（如物体声音与物体位置配对）；随后睡眠中（通常在慢波睡眠）重放其中一部分声音，醒后比较被提示与未被提示项目的记忆。线索呈现诱发慢振荡与睡眠纺锤波，这些反应与被提示项目的记忆获益相关。","descriptionEnglish":"During learning, each item is associated with its own sound (for example an object sound paired with an object location); during subsequent sleep, a subset of the sounds is re-presented, usually in slow-wave sleep, and memory for cued and uncued items is compared after waking. Cue presentation evokes slow oscillations and sleep spindles, and these responses are related to the memory benefit for cued items.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/memory/MEM-TMR-001.yaml"},{"id":"MEM-TMR-002","name":"睡眠中气味线索的情境再激活","english":"Odour-cued context reactivation during sleep","aliases":["odour TMR","olfactory memory reactivation","odor cueing during slow-wave sleep"],"family":"memory","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_hippocampus"],"description":"整个学习过程中都有一种气味，随后在慢波睡眠中再次呈现同一气味（或无味对照）；醒后测试全部学习材料的记忆。慢波睡眠中再次接触气味可提高依赖海马的陈述性记忆的保持，并激活海马。","descriptionEnglish":"An odour is present throughout a learning session, and the same odour (or an odourless control) is presented again during subsequent slow-wave sleep; memory for the whole learned material is tested after waking. Odour re-exposure during slow-wave sleep improves retention of hippocampus-dependent declarative memories and activates the hippocampus.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/memory/MEM-TMR-002.yaml"},{"id":"MEM-TNT-001","name":"想/不想","english":"Think/No-Think","aliases":["TNT Task","Think No-Think"],"family":"memory","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.N2_frontocentral","MK.BOLD_hippocampus"],"description":"被试先学习线索—目标词对，之后每个试次呈现线索并指示其回忆相应目标（想）或阻止目标进入意识（不想），最后测试全部目标的记忆。“不想”试次伴随海马 BOLD 活动降低和额中央类 N2 负波增强，被抑制的目标随后记忆成绩较差。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants learn cue-target pairs and then, on each trial, see a cue with an instruction either to retrieve the associated target (think) or to prevent it from coming to mind (no-think); memory for all targets is tested afterwards. No-think trials are associated with reduced hippocampal BOLD activity and with enhanced frontocentral N2-like negativity, and suppressed targets are later remembered less well.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/memory/MEM-TNT-001.yaml"},{"id":"MOT-ATT-001","name":"尝试运动（瘫痪患者）","english":"Attempted movement","aliases":["attempted movement","intended movement","movement attempt"],"family":"motor","modalities":["EEG","ECoG","intracortical"],"markers":["MK.SMR_ERD","MK.motor_cortical_spiking"],"description":"瘫痪被试按视觉提示尝试完成其无法实际执行的足部动作，并与同一足的被动运动比较。尝试运动在运动皮层足区引起感觉运动 β 节律 ERD/ERS；不给反馈。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants with paralysis are visually cued to try to perform a foot movement that they cannot overtly execute, and the attempt is compared with passive movement of the same foot. The attempt produces sensorimotor beta ERD/ERS over the foot area of motor cortex; no feedback is given.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/motor/MOT-ATT-001.yaml"},{"id":"MOT-ATT-002","name":"按口头指令尝试运动（意识障碍）","english":"Attempted movement to spoken command (disorders of consciousness)","aliases":["attempted movement command following","EEG command following"],"family":"motor","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.SMR_ERD"],"description":"意识障碍患者在床旁脑电记录中按口头指令尝试活动某一身体部位，试次在尝试运动与休息之间交替。与指令锁时、可靠的感觉运动节律变化被视为隐蔽指令跟随的证据。","descriptionEnglish":"Patients with disorders of consciousness are instructed by spoken commands to try to move a body part, in trials that alternate between movement attempts and rest, while EEG is recorded at the bedside. Reliable command-locked sensorimotor rhythm changes are taken as evidence of covert command following.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/motor/MOT-ATT-002.yaml"},{"id":"MOT-ATT-003","name":"多类别尝试上肢与手部运动（脊髓损伤）","english":"Multi-class attempted arm and hand movements (spinal cord injury)","aliases":["attempted upper limb movements","BNCI2019_001 paradigm"],"family":"motor","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.low_freq_kinematics","MK.SMR_ERD"],"description":"颈髓损伤被试按视觉提示尝试 5 种上肢与手部动作之一（前臂旋后/旋前、手张开、掌握、侧捏）。依据低频脑电解码动作，在线部分检测到动作时显示动作图标。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants with cervical spinal cord injury attempt one of five arm and hand movements (forearm supination or pronation, hand opening, palmar grasp, lateral grasp) after a visual cue. Movements are decoded from low-frequency EEG, and in the online part a movement icon is shown when a movement is detected.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/motor/MOT-ATT-003.yaml"},{"id":"MOT-BIMAN-001","name":"双手协调","english":"Bimanual coordination","aliases":["bimanual coordination","in-phase/anti-phase tapping","bimanual anti-phase movement"],"family":"motor","modalities":["EEG","MEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.SMR_ERD","MK.interhemispheric_coherence"],"description":"被试以同相（镜像对称）或反相模式有节律地移动双手，通常由节拍器定速，并逐步加快直至反相协调失稳。协调需求反映在感觉运动节律的调制以及左右感觉运动皮层之间的相干上。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants move both hands rhythmically in in-phase (mirror-symmetric) or anti-phase patterns, often paced by a metronome whose rate is increased until anti-phase coordination becomes unstable. Coordination demands are reflected in sensorimotor rhythm modulation and in coherence between left and right sensorimotor cortices.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/motor/MOT-BIMAN-001.yaml"},{"id":"MOT-CURSOR-001","name":"闭环光标控制","english":"Closed-loop cursor control","aliases":["closed-loop BCI control","cursor control","radial-8 cursor task","1D/2D cursor control"],"family":"motor","modalities":["EEG","ECoG","intracortical"],"markers":["MK.SMR_ERD","MK.motor_cortical_spiking"],"description":"被试通过自主调节感觉运动 mu 节律，使光标从屏幕中央垂直移向上缘或下缘的目标，在线解码器将节律幅值转换为光标速度。光标的连续视觉反馈构成闭环。","descriptionEnglish":"The participant moves a cursor vertically from the centre of the screen to a target at the top or bottom edge by volitional modulation of the sensorimotor mu rhythm, which an online decoder converts into cursor velocity. Continuous visual feedback of the cursor closes the loop.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/motor/MOT-CURSOR-001.yaml"},{"id":"MOT-CURSOR-002","name":"二维脑电光标控制","english":"Two-dimensional EEG cursor control","aliases":["2-D cursor control","two-dimensional SMR control"],"family":"motor","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.SMR_ERD"],"description":"被试将光标从屏幕中央移向周边的目标，光标的水平和垂直速度分别由 mu/β 节律幅值的加权组合驱动。自适应算法选择用户能调节的特征；光标的连续反馈构成闭环。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants move a cursor from the centre of the screen to targets placed around the periphery, with horizontal and vertical cursor velocity each driven by a weighted combination of mu/beta rhythm amplitudes. An adaptive algorithm selects the features users can modulate; continuous cursor feedback closes the loop.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/motor/MOT-CURSOR-002.yaml"},{"id":"MOT-CURSOR-003","name":"皮层内点击式光标打字","english":"Intracortical point-and-click cursor typing","aliases":["point-and-click BCI","intracortical keyboard typing"],"family":"motor","modalities":["intracortical"],"markers":["MK.motor_cortical_spiking"],"description":"瘫痪被试在尝试或想象手臂运动时，由运动皮层神经元放电解码出光标的二维速度，并以解码出的点击选择屏幕键盘上的按键。光标连续反馈与离散选择用于抄写打字和自由打字。","descriptionEnglish":"A participant with paralysis controls the two-dimensional velocity of a cursor decoded from motor cortical spiking during attempted or imagined arm movements and selects keys of an on-screen keyboard with a decoded click. Continuous cursor feedback and discrete selections are used for copy typing and free typing.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/motor/MOT-CURSOR-003.yaml"},{"id":"MOT-FORCE-001","name":"等长力控制","english":"Isometric force control","aliases":["isometric contraction","force tracking","corticomuscular coherence task","CMC"],"family":"motor","modalities":["EEG","MEG"],"markers":["MK.SMR_ERD","MK.corticomuscular_coherence"],"description":"被试以等长收缩（如捏力或伸腕）维持或跟踪目标力，同时记录 EEG/MEG 和表面肌电。持续收缩期间，对侧运动皮层与活动肌肉之间出现 β 频段相干，并伴随感觉运动 β 功率的调制。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants maintain or track a target force with an isometric muscle contraction (e.g. pinch or wrist extension) while EEG/MEG and surface EMG are recorded. Sustained contraction is accompanied by beta-band coherence between contralateral motor cortex and the active muscle, together with modulation of sensorimotor beta power.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/motor/MOT-FORCE-001.yaml"},{"id":"MOT-GRASP-001","name":"抓握与手势","english":"Grasping and hand gestures","aliases":["grasp type decoding","hand gesture decoding","hand posture classification","reach-and-grasp","grasp-and-lift"],"family":"motor","modalities":["ECoG","intracortical","EEG"],"markers":["MK.high_gamma","MK.motor_cortical_spiking"],"description":"被试按提示以不同的自然抓握方式抓取物体，离线从皮层脑电中解码抓握类型。感觉运动皮层上抓握特异的高 γ 活动模式提供分类所需信息。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants grasp objects with different natural grasp types after a cue, and the grasp type is decoded offline from electrocorticographic activity. Grasp-specific high-gamma patterns over sensorimotor cortex carry the information used for classification.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/motor/MOT-GRASP-001.yaml"},{"id":"MOT-GRASP-002","name":"复杂手势","english":"Complex hand gestures","aliases":["hand gesture decoding","sign gestures"],"family":"motor","modalities":["ECoG"],"markers":["MK.high_gamma"],"description":"被试按视觉提示做出 4 种复杂手势之一，依据覆盖手部感觉运动皮层的高密度皮层脑电对手势分类。手势特异的高 γ 模式提供信息。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants form one of four complex hand gestures after a visual cue, and the gesture is classified from high-density electrocorticography over hand sensorimotor cortex. Gesture-specific high-gamma patterns carry the information.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/motor/MOT-GRASP-002.yaml"},{"id":"MOT-GRASP-003","name":"自定步调的自然伸手抓握（脑电）","english":"Self-paced natural reach-and-grasp (EEG)","aliases":["reach-and-grasp EEG","palmar vs lateral grasp"],"family":"motor","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.SMR_ERD","MK.low_freq_kinematics"],"description":"坐姿被试在自选时刻伸手抓取桌上的物体，用掌握（如空罐）或侧捏（如罐中的勺子），并与休息对照。以动作起始为参照分析脑电，解码抓握类型。","descriptionEnglish":"Seated participants reach, at self-chosen times, for objects on a table and grasp them with a palmar grasp (e.g. an empty jar) or a lateral grasp (e.g. a spoon in a jar), contrasted with rest. EEG is analysed relative to movement onset to decode the grasp type.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/motor/MOT-GRASP-003.yaml"},{"id":"MOT-GRASP-004","name":"抓握–提起（负载与摩擦变化）","english":"Grasp-and-lift with load and friction changes","aliases":["grasp and lift","WAY-EEG-GAL"],"family":"motor","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.SMR_ERD"],"description":"被试伸手以精确握持抓起一个带传感器的物体，提起并保持，再放回原处；物体的重量和接触面摩擦在试次间不可预测地变化。同步记录脑电、肌电和运动学，解码运动阶段与握力的适应。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants reach for an instrumented object, grasp it with a precision grip, lift and hold it, and replace it, while the object's weight and contact-surface friction change unpredictably between trials. EEG, EMG and kinematics are recorded to decode the movement phases and the adaptation of grip forces.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/motor/MOT-GRASP-004.yaml"},{"id":"MOT-HW-001","name":"尝试手写","english":"Attempted handwriting","aliases":["brain-to-text handwriting","imagined handwriting","mental handwriting"],"family":"motor","modalities":["intracortical","EEG"],"markers":["MK.motor_cortical_spiking"],"description":"瘫痪被试仿佛握笔一样尝试书写提示的字母或句子。解码每个尝试书写字符期间的运动皮层神经元放电，得到笔迹轨迹或字符身份，从而输出文本。","descriptionEnglish":"A participant with paralysis attempts to handwrite cued letters or sentences as if holding a pen. Motor cortical spiking during each attempted character is decoded into pen trajectories or character identities to produce text.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/motor/MOT-HW-001.yaml"},{"id":"MOT-HW-002","name":"实际书写字母（头皮脑电）","english":"Executed handwriting of letters (scalp EEG)","aliases":["EEG handwriting decoding","handwritten character classification"],"family":"motor","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.low_freq_kinematics"],"description":"健康被试注视屏幕，在一个方框内用手指书写提示的字母，书写时没有笔迹的视觉反馈；通过连续解码书写运动学，从脑电中对字母分类。","descriptionEnglish":"Healthy participants write a cued letter with a finger inside a box while fixating on the screen, without visual feedback of the writing, and the letter is classified from EEG via continuous decoding of the writing kinematics.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/motor/MOT-HW-002.yaml"},{"id":"MOT-IB-001","name":"意向绑定（主体感）","english":"Intentional binding","aliases":["Temporal Binding Task","Action-Effect Binding Task","Interval Estimation Agency Task","Libet Clock Binding Task"],"family":"motor","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.MRCP","MK.N1_auditory"],"description":"被试自主按键，短暂延迟后出现声音，被试判断动作或声音出现的时刻（如借助 Libet 时钟）或二者的间隔。自主动作时，知觉到的动作与结果时刻相互靠近；神经相关指标包括动作前的准备电位，以及对自身引起声音的听觉 N1 衰减。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants make a voluntary key press that is followed after a short delay by a tone, and judge the timing of the action or the tone (e.g. with a Libet clock) or the interval between them. Perceived action and outcome times shift towards each other for voluntary actions; neural correlates include the readiness potential before the action and attenuation of the auditory N1 to self-caused tones.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/motor/MOT-IB-001.yaml"},{"id":"MOT-LIBET-001","name":"Libet 意图时刻判断任务","english":"Libet intention-timing task","aliases":["Libet task","W judgement","conscious intention timing","Libet clock task"],"family":"motor","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.MRCP"],"description":"被试一边观看旋转的时钟，一边做自发的手腕或手指动作，事后报告首次感到想动的冲动或意图（W）时、或实际动作（M）时时钟指针的位置。以动作起始为零点平均的准备电位早于所报告的意图时刻出现。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants make spontaneous wrist or finger movements while watching a rotating clock and afterwards report the clock position at which they first felt the urge or intention to move (W) or actually moved (M). The readiness potential averaged to movement onset begins before the reported time of intention.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/motor/MOT-LIBET-001.yaml"},{"id":"MOT-ME-001","name":"运动执行","english":"Motor execution","aliases":["executed movement","overt movement"],"family":"motor","modalities":["EEG","MEG","ECoG","fMRI","fNIRS"],"markers":["MK.SMR_ERD","MK.high_gamma","MK.BOLD_motor_network"],"description":"被试按提示完成一侧手或手指的短暂实际动作（如手指屈曲、手的张合），与休息交替。运动引起对侧感觉运动区 mu/β ERD 及运动后 β 反弹，颅内记录中可见局灶性高 γ 增强。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants perform a brief overt movement of one hand or finger (e.g. finger flexion, hand opening/closing) on cue, alternating with rest. Movement produces contralateral sensorimotor mu/beta ERD with post-movement beta rebound and, in intracranial recordings, focal high-gamma increases.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/motor/MOT-ME-001.yaml"},{"id":"MOT-ME-002","name":"单指运动","english":"Individual finger movements","aliases":["individual finger movement","finger flexion decoding","ECoG finger decoding"],"family":"motor","modalities":["ECoG","intracortical"],"markers":["MK.high_gamma","MK.SMR_ERD"],"description":"被试按视觉提示屈曲一只手的单个手指，同时用数据手套测量手指位置，从皮层脑电中解码运动的手指（或其屈曲轨迹）。手部感觉运动皮层上具有精细躯体定位的局灶高 γ 增强可区分各手指。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants flex individual fingers of one hand in response to a visual cue while finger positions are measured with a data glove, and the moving finger (or its flexion trajectory) is decoded from electrocorticography. Focal high-gamma increases with fine somatotopy over hand sensorimotor cortex distinguish the fingers.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/motor/MOT-ME-002.yaml"},{"id":"MOT-ME-003","name":"地面/跑步机行走","english":"Overground / treadmill walking","aliases":["gait EEG","walking","treadmill walking"],"family":"motor","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.SMR_ERD"],"description":"被试在地面或跑步机上行走，通常与站立对照，同时记录移动脑电。行走在步态周期内调制腿区感觉运动 mu/β 功率；没有试次分段。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants walk overground or on a treadmill, typically contrasted with standing, while mobile EEG is recorded. Walking modulates sensorimotor mu/beta power over the leg area within the gait cycle; there is no trial segmentation.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/motor/MOT-ME-003.yaml"},{"id":"MOT-ME-004","name":"节律提示手指敲击（运动定位任务）","english":"Paced finger tapping (motor localizer)","aliases":["finger tapping","finger tapping localizer","FTT","Tapping Task","paced finger tapping"],"family":"motor","modalities":["fMRI","EEG","fNIRS"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_motor_network"],"description":"被试按视觉或听觉节律刺激设定的频率敲击手指，敲击组块与休息组块交替，是标准的运动定位任务。敲击组块激活对侧 M1、辅助运动区、前运动区和小脑。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants tap a finger at a rate set by a visual or auditory pacing stimulus in blocks alternating with rest, as a standard motor localizer. Tapping blocks activate contralateral M1, SMA, premotor cortex and cerebellum.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/motor/MOT-ME-004.yaml"},{"id":"MOT-ME-005","name":"单侧上肢多关节运动执行（6 类动作 + 休息）","english":"Upper-limb multi-joint movement execution (six movements + rest)","aliases":["executed upper limb movements"],"family":"motor","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.low_freq_kinematics","MK.SMR_ERD"],"description":"提示音与注视十字之后，视觉提示指示被试执行右上肢 6 种动作之一（肘屈/伸、前臂旋后/旋前、手张开/握拳）或休息。依据低频时域脑电解码这些动作。","descriptionEnglish":"After a beep and fixation cross, a visual cue instructs the participant to execute one of six movements of the right arm (elbow flexion or extension, forearm supination or pronation, hand opening or closing) or to rest. The movements are decoded from low-frequency time-domain EEG.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/motor/MOT-ME-005.yaml"},{"id":"MOT-MI-001","name":"提示性运动想象","english":"Cued motor imagery","aliases":["motor imagery","MI","kinesthetic motor imagery","movement imagery","left/right hand motor imagery"],"family":"motor","modalities":["EEG","MEG","ECoG","fNIRS","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.SMR_ERD"],"description":"每个试次由视觉箭头提示被试想象左手或右手的动作，但不实际执行。对侧手区感觉运动 mu/β 节律的偏侧化 ERD 区分两类；试次中不给反馈（筛查/校准设计）。","descriptionEnglish":"On each trial a visual arrow cue instructs the participant to imagine moving the left or the right hand without executing it. Lateralised ERD of sensorimotor mu/beta rhythms over the contralateral hand area distinguishes the two classes; no feedback is given during the trials (screening/calibration design).","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/motor/MOT-MI-001.yaml"},{"id":"MOT-MI-002","name":"四分类运动想象（左手/右手/双脚/舌头）","english":"Four-class motor imagery (left hand / right hand / feet / tongue)","aliases":["4-class motor imagery","BCI Competition IV 2a paradigm","Graz four-class MI"],"family":"motor","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.SMR_ERD"],"description":"警示音与注视十字之后出现指向左、右、下或上的箭头，提示被试想象左手、右手、双脚或舌头的运动，直到注视十字消失。四类想象产生空间分布不同的感觉运动 mu/β ERD/ERS；不给反馈。","descriptionEnglish":"A warning tone and fixation cross are followed by an arrow pointing left, right, down or up, which instructs the participant to imagine moving the left hand, right hand, both feet or the tongue until the fixation cross disappears. The four imagery classes produce distinct spatial patterns of sensorimotor mu/beta ERD/ERS; no feedback is given.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/motor/MOT-MI-002.yaml"},{"id":"MOT-MI-003","name":"单侧上肢多关节运动想象（6 类动作 + 休息）","english":"Upper-limb multi-joint motor imagery (six movements + rest)","aliases":["upper limb motor imagery","elbow/forearm/hand motor imagery"],"family":"motor","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.low_freq_kinematics","MK.SMR_ERD"],"description":"提示音与注视十字之后，视觉提示指示被试想象右上肢 6 种动作之一（肘屈/伸、前臂旋后/旋前、手张开/握拳）或休息。各类主要依据低频时域脑电解码；同一实验设计也记录了实际执行的动作（MOT-ME-005）。","descriptionEnglish":"After a beep and fixation cross, a visual cue tells the participant which of six movements of the right arm to imagine (elbow flexion or extension, forearm supination or pronation, hand opening or closing) or to rest. The classes are decoded mainly from low-frequency time-domain EEG; the same session design also records executed movements (MOT-ME-005).","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/motor/MOT-MI-003.yaml"},{"id":"MOT-MI-004","name":"足部运动想象脑开关（β 反弹）","english":"Foot motor imagery brain switch (beta rebound)","aliases":["lower-limb MI","foot motor imagery","gait imagery","beta rebound brain switch"],"family":"motor","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.SMR_ERD"],"description":"被试按提示短暂想象双脚动作，与休息对照；检测想象结束后头顶区的 β 反弹（β ERS），作为一个开关式指令。单一想象类对休息的设计用于可在自定步调模式下操作的“脑开关”。","descriptionEnglish":"The participant is cued to perform brief imagery of both-feet movement, contrasted with rest, and the post-imagery beta rebound (beta ERS) over the vertex is detected as a single switch-like command. The single imagery class against rest is intended for a 'brain switch' that can later be operated in self-paced mode.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/motor/MOT-MI-004.yaml"},{"id":"MOT-MI-005","name":"带连续视觉反馈的左/右手运动想象","english":"Left/right-hand motor imagery with continuous visual feedback","aliases":["Graz feedback paradigm","smiley feedback","BCI Competition IV 2b feedback sessions"],"family":"motor","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.SMR_ERD"],"description":"与二分类提示范式相同，箭头提示被试想象左手或右手；不同的是在想象期内，在线分类器的输出以移动的视觉对象（如向左或向右移动的笑脸）连续反馈给被试。闭环使被试能在试次内调整其感觉运动节律调制。","descriptionEnglish":"As in the two-class cue-based paradigm, an arrow cue instructs left- or right-hand imagery, but during the imagery period the output of an online classifier is fed back continuously as a moving visual object (e.g. a smiley moving left or right). The closed loop lets participants adjust their sensorimotor rhythm modulation within the trial.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/motor/MOT-MI-005.yaml"},{"id":"MOT-MI-006","name":"右手对双脚运动想象（提示驱动，无反馈）","english":"Right-hand vs feet motor imagery (cue-based, no feedback)","aliases":["hand vs foot motor imagery","BCI Competition III IVa paradigm"],"family":"motor","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.SMR_ERD"],"description":"视觉提示指示被试想象右手或双脚的运动，按提示分试次进行，不给反馈。手的想象在左侧手区引起 ERD，脚的想象在头顶区引起 ERD/ERS，因此两类主要沿内外侧方向而非左右半球区分。","descriptionEnglish":"A visual cue instructs the participant to imagine movement of the right hand or of the feet, in cue-paced trials without feedback. Hand imagery produces ERD over the left hand area and foot imagery ERD/ERS at the vertex, so the two classes are separated mainly along the medial-lateral axis rather than by hemisphere.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/motor/MOT-MI-006.yaml"},{"id":"MOT-MI-007","name":"带连续反馈的右手对双脚运动想象","english":"Right-hand vs feet motor imagery with continuous feedback","aliases":["hand vs foot MI with cursor feedback","plug-and-play ERD-BCI"],"family":"motor","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.SMR_ERD"],"description":"被试按提示想象右手或双脚运动，想象期内由在线、自适应校准的分类器驱动连续视觉反馈（光标或条形图）。该协议用于从第一次实验起训练无经验的用户。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants imagine right-hand or feet movement on cue while an online, adaptively calibrated classifier drives continuous visual feedback (a cursor or bar) during the imagery period. The protocol is used to train naive users from the first session.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/motor/MOT-MI-007.yaml"},{"id":"MOT-MI-008","name":"三分类运动想象（左手/右手/双脚）","english":"Three-class motor imagery (left hand / right hand / feet)","aliases":["3-class motor imagery"],"family":"motor","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.SMR_ERD"],"description":"预备提示音后，指向左、右或下方的箭头提示被试在数秒内想象左手、右手或双脚的运动，随后为黑屏。三类结合了偏侧化的手部 ERD 与中线的足部模式。","descriptionEnglish":"After a preparatory beep, an arrow pointing left, right or down instructs imagery of the left hand, right hand or feet for several seconds, followed by a blank screen. The three classes combine the lateralised hand ERD with the midline foot pattern.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/motor/MOT-MI-008.yaml"},{"id":"MOT-MI-009","name":"异步（自定步调）运动想象（含空闲态）","english":"Asynchronous (self-paced) motor imagery with idle state","aliases":["self-paced motor imagery","asynchronous MI","BCI Competition IV dataset 1 paradigm"],"family":"motor","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.SMR_ERD"],"description":"先以两类运动想象做提示驱动的校准；评估数据为连续脑电，长度不等的想象期与空闲期交替出现，没有试次分界。解码器须连续输出想象类别或空闲态。","descriptionEnglish":"After a cue-based calibration with two motor imagery classes, the evaluation data consist of continuous EEG in which periods of imagery of varying length alternate with idle periods, without trial demarcation. The decoder must output the imagery class or the idle state continuously.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/motor/MOT-MI-009.yaml"},{"id":"MOT-MI-010","name":"双手对双脚运动想象（目标提示）","english":"Both-hands vs both-feet motor imagery (target cue)","aliases":["fists vs feet imagery","eegmmidb runs 6/10/14"],"family":"motor","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.SMR_ERD"],"description":"屏幕上方或下方出现目标，被试想象双手握拳张开（上方）或双脚动作（下方），直到目标消失，并与休息交替。双手想象与双脚想象依据外侧与中线 ERD 模式区分。","descriptionEnglish":"A target appears at the top or bottom of the screen and the participant imagines opening and closing both fists (top) or both feet (bottom) until the target disappears, alternating with rest. Bilateral hand imagery and foot imagery are separated by their lateral vs midline ERD patterns.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/motor/MOT-MI-010.yaml"},{"id":"MOT-MI-011","name":"单侧上肢 11 类动作想象","english":"Eleven-task single upper-extremity motor imagery","aliases":["11 intuitive movement tasks","Jeong2020 dataset"],"family":"motor","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.SMR_ERD"],"description":"被试在三天的记录中想象（并在另外的组块中执行）单侧上肢的 11 种不同动作任务，同时记录脑电、肌电和眼电。这一直观的大任务集面向单臂多自由度控制。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants imagine (and in separate blocks execute) eleven different movement tasks of one upper extremity over three recording days, with EEG, EMG and EOG recorded together. The large intuitive task set targets multi-degree-of-freedom control of a single arm.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/motor/MOT-MI-011.yaml"},{"id":"MOT-MIRR-001","name":"镜像描摹","english":"Mirror tracing","aliases":["MTT","Mirror Drawing","Mirror Tracing"],"family":"motor","modalities":["fMRI","EEG"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_motor_network"],"description":"被试只能通过镜子看到自己的手，在视觉反馈左右或上下颠倒的条件下描摹图形（如星形），并随练习逐渐改善。视觉运动技能习得伴随运动网络 BOLD 的变化，涉及前运动区、顶叶和小脑。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants trace a figure (e.g. a star) while seeing their hand only in a mirror, so that visual feedback is reversed, and improve over repeated trials. Visuomotor skill acquisition is accompanied by changes in motor network BOLD, including premotor, parietal and cerebellar regions.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/motor/MOT-MIRR-001.yaml"},{"id":"MOT-MRCP-001","name":"自主运动准备（准备电位）","english":"Self-paced movement (movement-related cortical potential)","aliases":["MRCP","movement-related cortical potential","Bereitschaftspotential","BP","readiness potential"],"family":"motor","modalities":["EEG","MEG"],"markers":["MK.MRCP"],"description":"被试在自选时刻完成短暂的自主动作（如手指屈曲或踝背屈），以动作起始为零点向前平均脑电。动作前中央中线区出现缓慢上升的负电位（准备电位），临近起始时在对侧变陡。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants perform brief voluntary movements (e.g. finger flexion or ankle dorsiflexion) at self-chosen times, and EEG is averaged backwards from movement onset. A slowly rising negativity (Bereitschaftspotential) begins over central midline sites before the movement and steepens contralaterally just before onset.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/motor/MOT-MRCP-001.yaml"},{"id":"MOT-MRCP-002","name":"提示驱动的运动相关皮层电位（联合式脑机接口）","english":"Cue-based movement-related cortical potential (associative BCI)","aliases":["cue-based MRCP","associative BCI (cue-based)"],"family":"motor","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.MRCP"],"description":"视觉提示指示被试何时想象（或尝试）踝背屈，测量与提示锁时的运动相关皮层电位；在联合式版本中，于提示后按校准所得的 MRCP 峰潜伏期的固定延迟施加外周（腓总）神经电刺激，使二者同时到达。","descriptionEnglish":"A visual cue tells the participant when to imagine (or attempt) a dorsiflexion of the ankle, and the MRCP time-locked to the cue is measured; in the associative version, peripheral (common peroneal) nerve stimulation is delivered at a fixed latency after the cue so that it coincides with the MRCP peak determined in calibration.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/motor/MOT-MRCP-002.yaml"},{"id":"MOT-MRCP-003","name":"自定步调在线 MRCP 检测触发外周刺激","english":"Self-paced online MRCP detection triggering peripheral stimulation","aliases":["self-paced associative BCI","MRCP brain switch"],"family":"motor","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.MRCP"],"description":"没有外部提示，被试在自选时刻想象踝背屈，同时从脑电中连续检测 MRCP（如用匹配滤波器）；每次检测到即触发腓总神经电刺激，在运动意图与传入输入之间形成闭环。","descriptionEnglish":"Without any external cue, the participant imagines ankle dorsiflexions at self-chosen times while the MRCP is detected continuously from EEG (e.g. with a matched filter); each detection immediately triggers electrical stimulation of the common peroneal nerve, closing the loop between movement intention and afferent input.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/motor/MOT-MRCP-003.yaml"},{"id":"MOT-MSL-001","name":"运动序列学习（手指序列）","english":"Motor sequence learning (finger sequence)","aliases":["Finger Sequence Task","Sequence Learning","finger opposition sequence","explicit motor sequence learning"],"family":"motor","modalities":["fMRI","EEG","MEG"],"markers":["MK.SMR_ERD","MK.BOLD_motor_network"],"description":"被试反复练习一个外显已知的手指动作序列（如拇指对指或按键序列），并在多个时段（常包括睡眠后复测）测量速度与准确性。学习相关变化表现为运动网络（M1、SMA、前运动皮层、纹状体、小脑）BOLD 的改变以及感觉运动 β 调制。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants repeatedly practise an explicitly known sequence of finger movements (e.g. a finger-to-thumb opposition or key-press sequence) and are tested for speed and accuracy across sessions, often including post-sleep retests. Learning-related changes appear in motor network BOLD (M1, SMA, premotor cortex, striatum, cerebellum) and in sensorimotor beta modulation.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/motor/MOT-MSL-001.yaml"},{"id":"MOT-MVF-001","name":"镜像视觉反馈","english":"Mirror visual feedback","aliases":["mirror therapy","mirror visual feedback","mirror box illusion","MVF"],"family":"motor","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.SMR_ERD"],"description":"被试移动一只手，同时在另一只被遮挡的手的位置看到该手的镜像（或数字镜像视频），产生被遮挡的手在运动的错觉。镜像反馈调制运动手同侧感觉运动皮层上的 mu 与 β ERD，相关研究用于卒中后康复。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants move one hand while viewing its mirror reflection (or a digitally mirrored video) in the position of the other, hidden hand, creating the illusion that the hidden hand moves. Mirror feedback modulates mu and beta ERD over the sensorimotor cortex ipsilateral to the moving hand, which is used in post-stroke rehabilitation studies.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/motor/MOT-MVF-001.yaml"},{"id":"MOT-OBS-001","name":"动作观察","english":"Action observation","aliases":["AO","action observation","mirror neuron paradigm","mu suppression paradigm"],"family":"motor","modalities":["EEG","MEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.SMR_ERD","MK.BOLD_premotor_parietal"],"description":"被试在不运动的情况下观看动作视频或现场示范（通常为手部动作），并与静态或非生物运动对照刺激比较。动作观察使感觉运动皮层上的 mu/β 节律受抑制，并激活动作观察网络中的前运动区与顶叶区域。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants watch videos or live demonstrations of actions (typically hand movements) without moving, compared with static or non-biological control stimuli. Observation suppresses mu/beta rhythms over sensorimotor cortex and activates premotor and parietal regions of the action observation network.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/motor/MOT-OBS-001.yaml"},{"id":"MOT-PASS-001","name":"被动运动（本体感觉刺激）","english":"Passive movement / proprioceptive stimulation","aliases":["passive movement","proprioceptive stimulation","corticokinematic coherence paradigm","CKC"],"family":"motor","modalities":["MEG","EEG"],"markers":["MK.corticokinematic_coherence","MK.SMR_ERD"],"description":"由实验者或（气动、机器人）装置被动移动放松被试的手指或肢体（常为节律性运动），同时记录运动学信号和 MEG/EEG。主要标记物为主要由本体感觉传入驱动的感觉运动皮层活动与运动学之间的相干（皮层-运动学相干）以及 β ERD/反弹。","descriptionEnglish":"A finger or limb of the relaxed participant is moved passively by an experimenter or a (pneumatic or robotic) device, often rhythmically, while movement kinematics are recorded together with MEG/EEG. Coherence between sensorimotor cortex activity and movement kinematics (corticokinematic coherence), driven mainly by proprioceptive afference, and beta ERD/rebound are the main markers.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/motor/MOT-PASS-001.yaml"},{"id":"MOT-PERT-001","name":"姿势平衡扰动","english":"Balance perturbation","aliases":["postural perturbation","perturbation-evoked potential","PEP","support-surface perturbation"],"family":"motor","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.perturbation_N1"],"description":"站立（或坐位）被试受到突然、不可预测的平衡扰动（如支撑面平移或牵拉），并作出反应以维持稳定。每次扰动在起始后约 100-200 ms 诱发显著的额中央负波（扰动诱发 N1），并伴随 θ 频段功率增强。","descriptionEnglish":"Standing (or seated) participants receive sudden, unpredictable perturbations of balance, such as support-surface translations or pulls, and respond to maintain stability. Each perturbation evokes a large fronto-central negativity (perturbation-evoked N1) about 100-200 ms after onset, together with theta-band power increases.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/motor/MOT-PERT-001.yaml"},{"id":"MOT-PURS-001","name":"平滑追踪眼动","english":"Smooth pursuit eye movements","aliases":["smooth pursuit","pursuit eye movements","ocular pursuit"],"family":"motor","modalities":["fMRI","EEG"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_oculomotor"],"description":"被试用眼睛跟随平滑移动的视觉目标（如做正弦运动的圆点），并与注视或眼跳条件对比。平滑追踪激活额眼区、辅助眼区、顶叶皮层和运动敏感皮层。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants follow a smoothly moving visual target (e.g. a dot moving sinusoidally) with their eyes, contrasted with fixation or saccade conditions. Pursuit activates the frontal and supplementary eye fields, parietal cortex and motion-sensitive cortex.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/motor/MOT-PURS-001.yaml"},{"id":"MOT-REACH-001","name":"中心外伸伸够任务","english":"Center-out reaching","aliases":["center-out task","centre-out reaching","8-target reaching"],"family":"motor","modalities":["intracortical","ECoG","MEG","EEG"],"markers":["MK.motor_cortical_spiking","MK.high_gamma"],"description":"被试从中央起始位置伸手（或移动光标/操纵杆）指向环绕中心径向排列的若干目标之一。运动皮层神经元放电率对运动方向呈宽调谐，群体活动或高 γ 特征用于解码伸够方向。","descriptionEnglish":"From a central start position, the participant reaches (or moves a cursor/manipulandum) to one of several targets arranged radially around the centre. Firing rates of motor cortical neurons are broadly tuned to movement direction, and population activity or high-gamma features are used to decode reach direction.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/motor/MOT-REACH-001.yaml"},{"id":"MOT-REACH-002","name":"四方向腕部中心外伸运动（脑磁）","english":"Four-direction wrist centre-out movement (MEG)","aliases":["BCI Competition IV dataset 3 paradigm","wrist movement direction decoding"],"family":"motor","modalities":["MEG"],"markers":["MK.low_freq_kinematics"],"description":"被试从中心位置向四个方向之一做实际的腕部运动，依据运动区上受方向调制的低频脑磁活动解码运动方向。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants make actual wrist movements in one of four directions from a centre position, and the movement direction is decoded from directionally modulated low-frequency MEG activity over motor areas.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/motor/MOT-REACH-002.yaml"},{"id":"MOT-RT-001","name":"简单/选择反应时","english":"Simple / choice reaction time","aliases":["choice reaction time","simple reaction time","Go/choice RT","LRP paradigm"],"family":"motor","modalities":["EEG","MEG"],"markers":["MK.LRP"],"description":"被试对刺激尽快作出单一反应（简单反应时），或依据刺激身份在左右手反应之间选择（选择反应时）。偏侧化准备电位（运动皮层上对侧减同侧的差异波）反映反应准备的时间进程与方向。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants respond as quickly as possible to a stimulus with a single response (simple RT) or select between left- and right-hand responses according to stimulus identity (choice RT). The lateralized readiness potential, the contralateral-minus-ipsilateral difference over motor cortex, indexes the timing and direction of response preparation.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/motor/MOT-RT-001.yaml"},{"id":"MOT-SACC-001","name":"眼跳任务","english":"Saccade task","aliases":["prosaccade","visually guided saccade","memory-guided saccade"],"family":"motor","modalities":["EEG","fMRI","intracortical"],"markers":["MK.presaccadic_potential","MK.BOLD_oculomotor"],"description":"被试注视中央，周边目标一出现即快速将眼睛移向目标。眼跳起始前出现皮层电位，眼跳产生激活额叶眼区、辅助眼区和顶内沟。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants fixate centrally and make a rapid eye movement to a peripheral target as soon as it appears. Cortical potentials precede saccade onset, and saccade generation activates the frontal and supplementary eye fields and the intraparietal sulcus.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/motor/MOT-SACC-001.yaml"},{"id":"MOT-SACC-002","name":"记忆引导眼跳","english":"Memory-guided saccade","aliases":["delayed saccade","memory-guided saccade task","oculomotor delayed response"],"family":"motor","modalities":["fMRI","EEG"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_oculomotor","MK.BOLD_frontoparietal"],"description":"被试注视中央时短暂看到一个周边目标，在数秒的延迟期内记住其位置，注视点变暗时向记忆中的位置眼跳；随后目标重新出现，供纠正性眼跳。延迟期活动持续存在于具有拓扑组织的后顶叶区和额叶眼区。","descriptionEnglish":"While fixating centrally, the participant sees a peripheral target briefly, holds its location in memory during a delay of several seconds, and makes a saccade to the remembered location when the fixation point dims; the target then reappears for a corrective saccade. Delay-period activity is sustained in topographic posterior parietal areas and the frontal eye fields.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/motor/MOT-SACC-002.yaml"},{"id":"MOT-SMS-001","name":"感觉运动同步（节拍器敲击）","english":"Sensorimotor synchronization (metronome tapping)","aliases":["sensorimotor synchronization","synchronization-continuation tapping","syncopation/synchronization task","SMS"],"family":"motor","modalities":["EEG","MEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.SMR_ERD","MK.BOLD_motor_network"],"description":"被试跟随听觉节拍器用手指敲击，或敲在拍上（同步），或敲在拍间（切分），有时在节拍器停止后继续敲击。计时需求调制感觉运动 β 活动，并调用包括前运动皮层、辅助运动区和小脑在内的运动网络。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants tap a finger in time with an auditory metronome, either on the beat (synchronization) or between beats (syncopation), sometimes continuing after the metronome stops. Timing demands modulate sensorimotor beta activity and engage the motor network, including premotor cortex, SMA and cerebellum.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/motor/MOT-SMS-001.yaml"},{"id":"MOT-SRT-001","name":"序列反应时（运动序列学习）","english":"Serial reaction time task","aliases":["SRTT","Serial RT","Serial Reaction Time","serial reaction time task","implicit sequence learning"],"family":"motor","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.LRP","MK.SMR_ERD"],"description":"被试按与视觉提示位置对应的键作答；提示位置在被试不知情的情况下遵循重复序列，切换为随机序列时出现的反应时代价揭示了内隐学习。序列学习表现为偏侧化准备电位提前以及感觉运动 β 活动的调制。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants press the key corresponding to the location of a visual cue; unknown to them, cue locations follow a repeating sequence, and switching to a random sequence reveals implicit learning as a reaction-time cost. Sequence learning is reflected in earlier lateralized readiness potentials and in modulation of sensorimotor beta activity.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/motor/MOT-SRT-001.yaml"},{"id":"MOT-TRACK-001","name":"连续轨迹追踪","english":"Continuous pursuit tracking","aliases":["pursuit tracking task","visuomotor tracking","continuous trajectory decoding"],"family":"motor","modalities":["EEG","ECoG"],"markers":["MK.low_freq_kinematics","MK.high_gamma"],"description":"被试用手或光标连续跟随移动的视觉目标，同时记录脑电或皮层脑电，离线重建手的位置与速度。低频脑电幅值（约 2 Hz 以下）与颅内高 γ 活动跟随运动学参数。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants continuously follow a moving visual target with the hand or a cursor while EEG or ECoG is recorded, and hand position and velocity are reconstructed offline. Low-frequency EEG amplitudes (below about 2 Hz) and intracranial high-gamma activity track the kinematics.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/motor/MOT-TRACK-001.yaml"},{"id":"MOT-TRACK-002","name":"在线闭环追踪（解码光标）","english":"Online closed-loop pursuit tracking (decoded cursor)","aliases":["online kinematics decoding","closed-loop pursuit tracking"],"family":"motor","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.low_freq_kinematics"],"description":"被试追踪移动的目标，同时屏幕显示由低频脑电在线解码驱动的光标，即由解码轨迹而非真实的手提供连续视觉反馈。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants track a moving target while a cursor driven by online decoding of low-frequency EEG is displayed, so that the decoded trajectory, rather than the real hand, provides continuous visual feedback.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/motor/MOT-TRACK-002.yaml"},{"id":"PER-AAD-001","name":"听觉选择性注意（鸡尾酒会）","english":"Auditory selective attention (cocktail party)","aliases":["auditory attention decoding (AAD)","cocktail party paradigm","competing-talker paradigm","dichotic listening"],"family":"perception","modalities":["EEG","MEG","ECoG"],"markers":["MK.N1_auditory","MK.speech_envelope_tracking"],"description":"同时呈现两路或多路语音流（或音调序列），被试只注意其中一路。被注意语流引起更大的听觉 N1，皮层对其语音包络的跟踪更强，据此可识别注意对象，这是神经调控助听设备中听觉注意解码的基础。","descriptionEnglish":"Two or more concurrent speech streams (or tone sequences) are presented and the listener attends to one of them. The attended stream is identified from enhanced auditory N1 responses and from cortical tracking of its speech envelope, which underlies auditory attention decoding for neuro-steered hearing devices.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-AAD-001.yaml"},{"id":"PER-AB-001","name":"注意瞬脱","english":"Attentional blink","aliases":["AB","attentional blink","dual-target RSVP"],"family":"perception","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.P3b"],"description":"在快速序列视觉呈现流中嵌入两个靶刺激。当第二个靶刺激在第一个之后约 200–500 ms 内出现时常被漏报，被漏报的第二靶刺激所诱发的 P3b 较被报告者明显减小或消失。","descriptionEnglish":"Two targets are embedded in a rapid serial visual presentation stream. When the second target follows the first within roughly 200-500 ms it is often missed, and missed second targets show a reduced or absent P3b compared with reported ones.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-AB-001.yaml"},{"id":"PER-ABR-001","name":"听觉脑干反应","english":"Auditory brainstem response (ABR)","aliases":["ABR","BAEP","BAER","brainstem auditory evoked potential"],"family":"perception","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.ABR"],"description":"以较高速率呈现短声或短纯音，并对数千次响应进行叠加平均。刺激后约 10 ms 内出现由听神经和脑干通路产生的 I–V 波，其潜伏期用于听力筛查和神经诊断。","descriptionEnglish":"Brief clicks or tone bursts are presented at high rates and thousands of responses are averaged. The response within the first ~10 ms shows waves I-V generated along the auditory nerve and brainstem pathway; their latencies are used for hearing screening and neurodiagnosis.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-ABR-001.yaml"},{"id":"PER-ACC-001","name":"声学变化复合波","english":"Acoustic change complex","aliases":["ACC","acoustic change complex"],"family":"perception","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.N1_auditory","MK.P2_auditory"],"description":"在持续的声音中引入变化（如频率、强度或元音过渡的变化），每个试次都出现该变化而不采用 oddball 结构。变化诱发 N1–P2 复合波，即声学变化复合波，表明皮层检测到了变化，临床上用于如人工耳蜗使用者。","descriptionEnglish":"A change is introduced within an ongoing sound (for example in frequency, intensity or a vowel transition) and is presented in every trial without an oddball structure. The change evokes an N1-P2 complex, the acoustic change complex, which indicates cortical detection of the change and is used clinically, for example in cochlear-implant users.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-ACC-001.yaml"},{"id":"PER-ADDS-001","name":"附加单例与干扰抑制","english":"Additional singleton / distractor suppression","aliases":["additional singleton paradigm","attentional capture","Pd paradigm"],"family":"perception","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.Pd"],"description":"被试搜索形状靶刺激，有时会出现显著的颜色单例干扰项。被抑制的偏侧干扰项在其对侧诱发干扰正波（Pd），而捕获注意的干扰项则诱发 N2pc。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants search for a shape target while a salient colour singleton distractor is sometimes present. Lateralised distractors that are suppressed elicit a distractor positivity (Pd) contralateral to the distractor, whereas captured distractors elicit an N2pc.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-ADDS-001.yaml"},{"id":"PER-AEP-001","name":"听觉诱发电位（纯音/短声）","english":"Auditory evoked potentials (N1-P2)","aliases":["N1-P2 complex","N1m","cortical auditory evoked potential (CAEP)","long-latency AEP"],"family":"perception","modalities":["EEG","MEG"],"markers":["MK.N1_auditory","MK.P2_auditory"],"description":"被动呈现纯音或短声，刺激间隔约 1 秒或更长。每个声音在额中央区诱发必然出现的长潜伏期 N1–P2 复合波，其波幅随刺激强度、上升时间和刺激间隔变化。","descriptionEnglish":"Pure tones or clicks are presented passively with inter-stimulus intervals of about one second or longer. Each sound evokes the obligatory long-latency N1-P2 complex over fronto-central sites, whose amplitude depends on stimulus intensity, rise time and inter-stimulus interval.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-AEP-001.yaml"},{"id":"PER-AMASK-001","name":"听觉掩蔽","english":"Auditory masking","aliases":["Energetic Masking","Speech-in-Noise","Tone-in-Noise Detection"],"family":"perception","modalities":["EEG","MEG"],"markers":["MK.N1_auditory","MK.MMN"],"description":"在背景噪声或竞争掩蔽声中以不同信噪比呈现目标纯音或语音。掩蔽使听觉 N1 及目标变化诱发的 MMN 减小、延迟，与检测阈限的变化相平行。","descriptionEnglish":"Target tones or speech are presented in background noise or with competing maskers at varying signal-to-noise ratios. Masking reduces and delays the auditory N1 and the MMN to changes in the target, in parallel with detection thresholds.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-AMASK-001.yaml"},{"id":"PER-BODY-001","name":"身体知觉","english":"Body perception","aliases":["body localizer","extrastriate body area localizer","EBA localizer"],"family":"perception","modalities":["fMRI","EEG"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_category_selective","MK.N170"],"description":"将人体及身体部位图像（不含面孔）与物体、面孔或打乱图像对比。身体图像在外侧枕颞皮层的纹外身体区引起选择性 BOLD 响应，并在 N170 时程诱发枕颞负波。","descriptionEnglish":"Images of human bodies and body parts (without faces) are contrasted with objects, faces or scrambled images. Bodies elicit selective BOLD responses in the extrastriate body area of lateral occipito-temporal cortex and an occipito-temporal negativity in the N170 range.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-BODY-001.yaml"},{"id":"PER-BOI-001","name":"身体拥有错觉（橡胶手）","english":"Body ownership illusion","aliases":["Body Transfer Illusion","Enfacement Illusion","Full Body Illusion","Multisensory Body Illusion","RHI","Rubber Hand Illusion","Virtual Hand Illusion"],"family":"perception","modalities":["fMRI","EEG"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_premotor_parietal"],"description":"在被试视野中的橡胶手或虚拟手与其被遮挡的真手同步受到刷触，诱发对假手的拥有感；异步刷触作为对照。该错觉与前运动皮层和后顶叶的 BOLD 增加相关。","descriptionEnglish":"A rubber or virtual hand in view is stroked synchronously with the participant's hidden real hand, which induces a feeling of ownership of the fake hand; asynchronous stroking serves as control. The illusion is associated with BOLD increases in premotor and posterior parietal cortex.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-BOI-001.yaml"},{"id":"PER-BR-001","name":"双眼竞争与双稳态知觉","english":"Binocular rivalry / bistable perception","aliases":["ambiguous figure (Necker cube) paradigm","binocular rivalry","bistable perception","perceptual rivalry"],"family":"perception","modalities":["fMRI","EEG","MEG"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_visual_cortex"],"description":"双眼分别呈现不同图像。虽然输入不变，知觉在两幅图像之间交替，被试按键报告每次切换；神经活动（如视觉皮层 BOLD）与报告的切换锁时，或按报告的主导知觉分类。","descriptionEnglish":"Dissimilar images are presented to the two eyes. Although the input is constant, perception alternates between the two images, and participants report each switch by key press; neural activity, for example visual cortex BOLD, is time-locked to the reported switches or sorted by the reported dominant percept.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-BR-001.yaml"},{"id":"PER-BR-002","name":"频率标记双眼竞争","english":"Frequency-tagged binocular rivalry","aliases":["frequency-tagged rivalry","SSVEP rivalry"],"family":"perception","modalities":["EEG","MEG"],"markers":["MK.SSVEP"],"description":"两幅竞争图像以不同频率闪烁，从而标记每只眼的输入。各标记频率上的稳态响应随相应图像的主导而起伏，因此无论被试是否报告，都可以从脑活动中追踪知觉。","descriptionEnglish":"The two rivalling images flicker at different frequencies, so that each eye's input is tagged. The steady-state response at each tag frequency rises and falls with the dominance of the corresponding image, which allows the percept to be tracked from brain activity, with or without the participant's report.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-BR-002.yaml"},{"id":"PER-CAT-001","name":"视觉物体类别识别","english":"Visual object categorization","aliases":["THINGS-EEG/MEG paradigm","image category RSA","object category decoding","visual object recognition paradigm"],"family":"perception","modalities":["EEG","MEG","fMRI","ECoG"],"markers":["MK.N170","MK.BOLD_category_selective"],"description":"呈现不同类别物体的图像（如面孔、身体、场景、工具、动物），常以快速序列呈现。可从枕颞 N170/M170 和腹侧视觉皮层类别选择性 BOLD 响应中读出类别信息，这也是图像类别解码数据集的基础。","descriptionEnglish":"Images of objects from different categories (for example faces, bodies, places, tools, animals) are presented, often in rapid succession. Category information is read out from the occipito-temporal N170/M170 and from category-selective BOLD responses in ventral visual cortex, and is the basis of image-category decoding datasets.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-CAT-001.yaml"},{"id":"PER-CB-001","name":"变化盲","english":"Change blindness","aliases":["change blindness","flicker paradigm"],"family":"perception","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.VAN"],"description":"同一场景的两个版本交替出现，中间插入短暂空屏或其他干扰，被试报告是否发生变化。与未察觉的变化相比，被察觉的变化诱发后部负波（视觉觉知负波），其后出现晚期正波。","descriptionEnglish":"Two versions of a scene alternate with a brief blank or other disruption, and participants report whether a change occurred. Detected compared with undetected changes elicit a posterior negativity (visual awareness negativity) followed by later positivity.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-CB-001.yaml"},{"id":"PER-CTXC-001","name":"情境线索效应","english":"Contextual cueing","aliases":["CC Task"],"family":"perception","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.N2pc","MK.BOLD_hippocampus"],"description":"被试在干扰项中搜索靶刺激，部分画面布局跨组块重复且靶位置固定。即使不能外显识别，重复布局下的搜索也会变快；习得的情境增强靶刺激的 N2pc，并激活海马。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants search for a target in displays of distractors, some of which repeat across blocks with a fixed target position. Search becomes faster for repeated configurations without explicit recognition; the learned context enhances the N2pc to the target and engages the hippocampus.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-CTXC-001.yaml"},{"id":"PER-CUE-001","name":"Posner 空间线索","english":"Posner spatial cueing","aliases":["Posner Task","Posner cueing task","Spatial Cueing Task","endogenous/exogenous cueing","spatial cueing"],"family":"perception","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.P1_visual","MK.N1_visual"],"description":"中央符号线索（箭头）提示靶刺激可能出现的位置；有效试次中靶出现在被提示位置，无效试次中出现在另一位置，中性线索作为基线。被有效提示的靶检测更快，被注意位置的靶诱发更大的视觉 P1 与 N1。","descriptionEnglish":"A central symbolic cue (an arrow) indicates where a target is likely to appear; on valid trials the target appears at the cued location, on invalid trials at the other location, with neutral cues as baseline. Validly cued targets are detected faster, and targets at attended locations elicit enlarged visual P1 and N1 components.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-CUE-001.yaml"},{"id":"PER-CUE-002","name":"外周（外源性）线索的 Posner 范式","english":"Posner cueing with peripheral (exogenous) cues","aliases":["exogenous cueing","peripheral cueing","inhibition of return paradigm"],"family":"perception","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.P1_visual","MK.N1_visual"],"description":"在外周某一靶位置给出短暂、无预测性的闪光或增亮作为线索。线索–靶间隔短时，被提示位置的靶检测更快（注意被反射性捕获）；间隔较长时反应变慢（返回抑制）；P1、N1 的 ERP 效应也呈相同的时程。","descriptionEnglish":"A brief, non-predictive flash or brightening at one of the peripheral target locations serves as the cue. At short cue-target intervals targets at the cued location are detected faster (reflexive capture of attention), whereas at longer intervals responses are slower (inhibition of return); the ERP effects on P1 and N1 follow the same time course.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-CUE-002.yaml"},{"id":"PER-CVA-001","name":"隐蔽空间注意（α 偏侧化）","english":"Covert spatial attention (alpha lateralization)","aliases":["Posner-type alpha paradigm","alpha lateralization","covert visuospatial attention"],"family":"perception","modalities":["EEG","MEG"],"markers":["MK.alpha_lateralization"],"description":"中央线索指引被试在保持注视的同时将隐蔽注意转向左或右视野，延迟后出现靶刺激。在线索–靶间期，与被注意侧对侧的后部 α 功率降低、同侧升高；这种 α 偏侧化反映注意的空间偏向。","descriptionEnglish":"A central cue directs covert attention to the left or right visual hemifield while gaze stays at fixation, and a target follows after a delay. In the cue-target interval, posterior alpha power decreases over the hemisphere contralateral to the attended side and increases ipsilaterally; this alpha lateralization indexes the spatial bias of attention.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-CVA-001.yaml"},{"id":"PER-CVA-002","name":"隐蔽注意 α 偏侧化脑机接口","english":"Covert-attention alpha lateralization BCI","aliases":["covert attention BCI","alpha lateralization BCI","gaze-independent covert attention BCI"],"family":"perception","modalities":["EEG","MEG"],"markers":["MK.alpha_lateralization"],"description":"用户在注视中央时将隐蔽注意转向左侧或右侧，在线逐试次分类后部 α 功率的偏侧化并给出反馈（如二元选择）。该信号不依赖眼动，可作为不依赖注视的 BCI。","descriptionEnglish":"The user covertly shifts attention to the left or right while fixating, and the lateralization of posterior alpha power is classified in single trials online and fed back, for example as a binary choice. The signal is independent of eye movements and can serve as a gaze-independent BCI.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-CVA-002.yaml"},{"id":"PER-FACE-001","name":"面孔知觉","english":"Face perception","aliases":["FFA Localizer","Face Localizer","N170 paradigm","face localizer","face perception paradigm","famous/unfamiliar/scrambled faces"],"family":"perception","modalities":["EEG","MEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.N170","MK.BOLD_category_selective"],"description":"将面孔与其他物体类别或打乱图像进行对比。面孔诱发更大的枕颞 N170（M170），并在梭状回面孔区等面孔选择性区域引起更强的 BOLD 响应；该对比也用作功能定位任务。","descriptionEnglish":"Faces are contrasted with other object categories or with scrambled images. Faces elicit a larger occipito-temporal N170 (M170) and stronger BOLD responses in face-selective regions such as the fusiform face area; the contrast is also used as a functional localizer.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-FACE-001.yaml"},{"id":"PER-FVEP-001","name":"闪光视觉诱发电位","english":"Flash VEP","aliases":["FVEP","flash VEP","flash visual evoked response"],"family":"perception","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.flash_VEP"],"description":"以弥散闪光刺激（常通过闭合的眼睑或护目镜给予）诱发枕区一系列正负波。闪光 VEP 用于无法进行图形刺激的情况，如婴儿或不能配合的患者。","descriptionEnglish":"Diffuse light flashes, often delivered through closed eyelids or goggles, evoke a sequence of occipital positive and negative waves. The flash VEP is used when pattern stimulation is not possible, for example in infants or uncooperative patients.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-FVEP-001.yaml"},{"id":"PER-GATE-001","name":"配对短声感觉门控","english":"Paired-click sensory gating","aliases":["P50 suppression","conditioning-test paradigm","paired-click paradigm","sensory gating"],"family":"perception","modalities":["EEG","MEG"],"markers":["MK.P50_gating"],"description":"以约 500 ms 间隔呈现成对的相同短声，每对之间间隔数秒。第二个短声诱发的 P50 通常小于第一个，S2/S1 波幅比被用作感觉门控指标。","descriptionEnglish":"Pairs of identical clicks are presented about 500 ms apart, with several seconds between pairs. The P50 to the second click is normally smaller than to the first, and the S2/S1 amplitude ratio is used as an index of sensory gating.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-GATE-001.yaml"},{"id":"PER-GEP-001","name":"味觉诱发电位","english":"Gustatory evoked potentials","aliases":["GEP","gustatory ERP","taste evoked potentials"],"family":"perception","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.GEP"],"description":"由味觉刺激仪在持续冲洗液流中向舌面短脉冲给予味觉溶液（如蔗糖、糖精或盐），使刺激起始不伴随触觉或温度线索。味觉起始在中央区诱发潜伏期较长的味觉诱发电位。","descriptionEnglish":"Taste solutions (for example sucrose, saccharin or salt) are delivered to the tongue in brief pulses by a gustometer in a constant rinsing flow so that onset is not signalled by touch or temperature. Taste onset evokes gustatory evoked potentials with long latencies over central sites.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-GEP-001.yaml"},{"id":"PER-HBD-001","name":"心跳觉察（内感受）","english":"Heartbeat detection","aliases":["Whitehead Heartbeat Discrimination Task","heartbeat discrimination task","Heartbeat Perception Task","Cardiac Interoceptive Accuracy Task"],"family":"perception","modalities":["EEG","MEG"],"markers":["MK.HEP"],"description":"外部声音（或光）由被试的 R 波触发，延迟较短（感觉与心跳同时）或较长。被试判断刺激是否与心跳同步；可比较不同条件下与 R 波锁时的皮层响应（心跳诱发电位）。","descriptionEnglish":"External tones (or lights) are triggered by the participant's R-waves either with a short delay, so that they seem simultaneous with the heartbeat, or with a longer delay. Participants judge whether the stimuli are synchronous with their heartbeats; cortical responses time-locked to the R-peak (heartbeat-evoked potential) can be compared between conditions.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-HBD-001.yaml"},{"id":"PER-HBD-002","name":"心跳计数任务","english":"Heartbeat counting task","aliases":["Heartbeat Counting Task","Schandry Task","Heartbeat Tracking Task","mental tracking task"],"family":"perception","modalities":["EEG","MEG"],"markers":["MK.HEP"],"description":"在没有外部刺激、也不触摸脉搏的情况下，被试在不同长度的时间段内默数自己的心跳并报告次数，与心电记录的实际次数比较计算准确度。比较注意心跳与注意外部刺激时的心跳诱发电位。","descriptionEnglish":"Without external stimuli or feeling for the pulse, participants silently count their heartbeats during intervals of different lengths and report the number. Accuracy is computed against the ECG count. The heartbeat-evoked potential is compared between periods of attention to the heartbeat and to external stimuli.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-HBD-002.yaml"},{"id":"PER-IB-001","name":"非注意盲","english":"Inattentional blindness","aliases":["inattentional blindness","no-report paradigm"],"family":"perception","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.VAN","MK.P3b"],"description":"被试执行要求较高的任务时，出现与任务无关的图案，许多被试并未察觉，每个阶段后以问卷评估。比较察觉与未察觉的被试，可分离出后部视觉觉知负波（VAN），而 P3b 主要在图案变为任务相关时出现。","descriptionEnglish":"While participants perform a demanding task, task-irrelevant patterns appear that many participants do not notice, assessed with questionnaires after each phase. Comparing aware and unaware participants isolates a posterior visual awareness negativity, whereas the P3b appears mainly when the pattern becomes task-relevant.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-IB-001.yaml"},{"id":"PER-IC-001","name":"错觉轮廓知觉","english":"Illusory contour perception","aliases":["Kanizsa illusory contours","IC paradigm"],"family":"perception","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.N1_visual"],"description":"将诱导元素（如 Kanizsa “吃豆人”图形）排列成能形成或不能形成错觉图形的两种布局。与旋转诱导元素相比，错觉轮廓布局在外侧枕区调制视觉 N1 时程（IC 效应）。","descriptionEnglish":"Inducers (for example Kanizsa 'pac-man' elements) are arranged so that they either form an illusory shape or not. Illusory contour configurations modulate the visual N1 range over lateral occipital sites (the IC effect) compared with rotated inducers.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-IC-001.yaml"},{"id":"PER-LEP-001","name":"激光诱发电位（痛觉）","english":"Laser-evoked potentials (nociception)","aliases":["CO2/Nd:YAP laser stimulation","LEP","laser-evoked potentials","nociceptive evoked potentials"],"family":"perception","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.LEP"],"description":"CO2 或固体激光发出的短暂辐射热脉冲在不接触皮肤的情况下选择性激活皮肤伤害感受器，诱发顶部 N2–P2 复合波，其前有偏侧化的 N1，用于评估伤害性感觉通路。","descriptionEnglish":"Brief radiant heat pulses from a CO2 or solid-state laser selectively activate skin nociceptors without touching the skin. They evoke a vertex N2-P2 complex, preceded by a lateralised N1, that is used to assess nociceptive pathways.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-LEP-001.yaml"},{"id":"PER-LG-001","name":"局部-全局范式","english":"Local-global paradigm","aliases":["global-local auditory paradigm","hierarchical oddball","local-global test"],"family":"perception","modalities":["EEG","MEG"],"markers":["MK.MMN","MK.P3b"],"description":"以组块呈现五音序列，每组块中某一序列类型高频出现。末音偏离违反局部（序列内）规律时诱发 MMN；而违反全局（序列间）规律的低频序列诱发 P3b，后者与有意识加工相关。","descriptionEnglish":"Sequences of five tones are presented in blocks in which one sequence type is frequent. A deviant final tone violates the local (within-sequence) regularity and elicits an MMN, whereas a rare sequence that violates the global (across-sequence) regularity elicits a P3b that is linked to conscious processing.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-LG-001.yaml"},{"id":"PER-MASK-001","name":"掩蔽与阈限知觉","english":"Masking / threshold perception","aliases":["Backward Masking","Metacontrast Masking","Pattern Masking","backward masking","contrastive analysis of consciousness","near-threshold perception"],"family":"perception","modalities":["EEG","MEG"],"markers":["MK.VAN","MK.P3b"],"description":"短暂呈现的靶刺激之后跟随掩蔽刺激（后向掩蔽）或被其环绕（元对比掩蔽），并在可见性阈限附近改变靶–掩蔽间隔。比较“看见”与“未看见”试次：觉知与后部视觉觉知负波（VAN）及其后的 P3b 相关。","descriptionEnglish":"A brief target is followed (backward masking) or surrounded (metacontrast) by a mask, and the target-mask interval is varied around the visibility threshold. Seen versus unseen trials are compared: awareness is associated with a posterior visual awareness negativity and a later P3b.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-MASK-001.yaml"},{"id":"PER-MLR-001","name":"听觉中潜伏期反应","english":"Auditory middle-latency response","aliases":["MLR","AMLR","Na-Pa"],"family":"perception","modalities":["EEG","MEG"],"markers":["MK.MLR"],"description":"以中等速率呈现短声或短纯音，分析约 10–80 ms 之间的平均响应。其中包含 Na、Pa、Nb、Pb 波，被认为来自丘脑—皮层及初级听皮层活动，用于听力学和麻醉监测。","descriptionEnglish":"Clicks or tone bursts are presented at moderate rates and the averaged response between about 10 and 80 ms is analysed. It contains the Na, Pa, Nb and Pb waves, thought to arise from thalamo-cortical and primary auditory cortex activity, and is used in audiology and anaesthesia monitoring.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-MLR-001.yaml"},{"id":"PER-MMN-001","name":"被动 oddball（失匹配负波）","english":"Passive oddball (mismatch negativity)","aliases":["MMN","Mismatch Negativity Paradigm","multi-feature MMN (optimum paradigm)","passive auditory oddball","roving oddball","phonetic MMN","speech-sound oddball"],"family":"perception","modalities":["EEG","MEG"],"markers":["MK.MMN"],"description":"在高频标准纯音中插入在单一物理特征（如频率、强度或时长）上不同的低频偏差纯音，被试忽略声音。偏差刺激诱发失匹配负波，一种约 100–250 ms 的额中央负波，反映对标准刺激所编码规律的违反的自动检测。","descriptionEnglish":"Frequent standard tones are interrupted by infrequent deviant tones that differ in one physical feature (for example frequency, intensity or duration) while the participant ignores the sounds. Deviants elicit the mismatch negativity, a fronto-central negativity at about 100-250 ms that reflects automatic detection of a violation of the regularity encoded from the standards.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-MMN-001.yaml"},{"id":"PER-MMN-002","name":"语音（音位对比）失匹配负波","english":"Speech-sound (phoneme-contrast) MMN","aliases":["phoneme MMN","speech MMN","phonetic MMN"],"family":"perception","modalities":["EEG","MEG"],"markers":["MK.MMN"],"description":"以音节或元音作为标准刺激与偏差刺激，例如母语与非母语的音位对比。偏差语音诱发 MMN，其幅度取决于该对比在被试语言中是否构成音位对立，因此可反映语言特异的音位表征。","descriptionEnglish":"Speech syllables or vowels are used as standards and deviants, for example native and non-native phoneme contrasts. Deviant speech sounds elicit an MMN whose amplitude depends on whether the contrast is phonemic in the listener's language, so the paradigm indexes language-specific phoneme representations.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-MMN-002.yaml"},{"id":"PER-MMN-003","name":"多特征失匹配负波范式（Optimum-1）","english":"Multi-feature MMN paradigm (Optimum-1)","aliases":["multi-feature MMN","Optimum-1","optimal MMN paradigm"],"family":"perception","modalities":["EEG","MEG"],"markers":["MK.MMN"],"description":"在同一序列中呈现多种偏差类型（频率、强度、时长、声源位置和无声间隙），每个偏差与一个标准刺激交替，而不是分组块分别做 oddball。短时间记录即可得到所有偏差类型的 MMN，形成听觉辨别能力的剖面。","descriptionEnglish":"Several deviant types (frequency, intensity, duration, sound location and a silent gap) are presented within one sequence, each deviant alternating with a standard, instead of in separate oddball blocks. MMNs to all deviant types are obtained in a short recording, giving a profile of auditory discrimination abilities.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-MMN-003.yaml"},{"id":"PER-MOT-001","name":"多目标追踪","english":"Multiple object tracking","aliases":["MOT","Multiple Object Tracking","Pylyshyn Tracking"],"family":"perception","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.CDA","MK.BOLD_frontoparietal"],"description":"若干相同物体独立运动，其中一部分短暂高亮作为靶，被试需追踪至物体停止。追踪负荷调制偏侧设计中的对侧延迟活动（CDA）以及额顶注意区域的 BOLD。","descriptionEnglish":"Several identical objects move independently; a subset is briefly highlighted as targets and must be tracked until the objects stop. Tracking load modulates contralateral delay activity in lateralised designs and BOLD in frontoparietal attention regions.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-MOT-001.yaml"},{"id":"PER-MSI-001","name":"视听多感觉整合","english":"Audiovisual multisensory integration","aliases":["AV vs A+V additive model","McGurk paradigm","audiovisual integration","multisensory integration","sound-induced flash illusion"],"family":"perception","modalities":["EEG","MEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.AV_interaction_ERP"],"description":"呈现视听音节，口型与语音一致或冲突（如视觉 /ga/ 配听觉 /ba/），并设单通道对照。不一致刺激常产生融合知觉（McGurk 错觉），比较一致、不一致与单通道语音条件下的神经响应。","descriptionEnglish":"Audiovisual syllables are presented in which the lip movements either match the speech sound or conflict with it (for example visual /ga/ with auditory /ba/), together with unimodal controls. Incongruent stimuli often produce a fused percept (the McGurk illusion), and neural responses are compared between congruent, incongruent and unimodal speech.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-MSI-001.yaml"},{"id":"PER-MSI-002","name":"简单刺激的视听交互（加性模型）","english":"Audiovisual interaction with simple stimuli (additive model)","aliases":["AV - (A+V) paradigm","additive model of multisensory integration","redundant target paradigm"],"family":"perception","modalities":["EEG","MEG"],"markers":["MK.AV_interaction_ERP"],"description":"随机呈现简单听觉刺激（纯音）、视觉刺激（闪光或图形）及其组合，常伴随检测或辨认任务。以视听响应与单通道响应之和的差值（AV −［A + V］）估计多感觉交互，在 200 ms 内即出现偏离。","descriptionEnglish":"Simple auditory stimuli (tones), visual stimuli (flashes or shapes) and their combination are presented in random order, often with a detection or identification task. Multisensory interaction is estimated as the difference between the audiovisual response and the sum of the unisensory responses (AV - [A + V]), which shows deviations within the first 200 ms.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-MSI-002.yaml"},{"id":"PER-MVEP-001","name":"运动起始视觉诱发电位","english":"Motion-onset VEP (mVEP)","aliases":["mVEP","motion VEP BCI","motion-onset VEP"],"family":"perception","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.mVEP"],"description":"短暂呈现的视觉运动起始（如移动条或扩张图案），对比度与亮度变化很小，诱发以运动特异的枕颞 N2 为主的瞬态 VEP。由于不需要闪烁、对刺激参数稳健，用于视觉运动通路的临床检查。","descriptionEnglish":"A briefly presented onset of visual motion (for example a moving bar or expanding pattern), with little contrast or luminance change, evokes a transient VEP dominated by a motion-specific occipito-temporal N2. Because it requires no flicker and is robust to stimulus parameters, it is used in clinical testing of the visual motion pathway.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-MVEP-001.yaml"},{"id":"PER-MVEP-002","name":"运动起始 VEP 脑机接口（多目标）","english":"Motion-onset VEP BCI (multi-target)","aliases":["mVEP BCI","motion-onset VEP speller"],"family":"perception","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.mVEP"],"description":"屏幕上多个目标各含一个小运动元素，其运动起始按随机顺序轮流出现。用户注意目标，检测与该目标运动锁时的运动起始 VEP（N2）以选中它，构成无闪烁、带选择反馈的视觉 BCI。","descriptionEnglish":"Several targets on the screen each contain a small moving element whose motion onsets occur in turn in random order. The user attends to the desired target, and the motion-onset VEP (N2) time-locked to that target's motion is detected to select it, giving a flicker-free visual BCI with selection feedback.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-MVEP-002.yaml"},{"id":"PER-NAT-001","name":"自然图像与影片观看","english":"Naturalistic image / movie viewing","aliases":["inter-subject correlation (ISC) paradigm","movie watching","natural scenes paradigm","naturalistic viewing"],"family":"perception","modalities":["fMRI","EEG","MEG","ECoG"],"markers":["MK.ISC","MK.BOLD_visual_cortex"],"description":"被试在无明确任务的情况下自由观看自然图像或连续影片。以被试间时间进程的相关（ISC）以及视皮层 BOLD 对图像特征的编码来识别刺激驱动的活动。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants freely view natural images or continuous films without an explicit task. Stimulus-driven activity is identified as inter-subject correlation of the time courses across viewers and with visual cortex BOLD encoding of image features.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-NAT-001.yaml"},{"id":"PER-NAVON-001","name":"Navon 全局-局部","english":"Navon global-local task","aliases":["Global-Local Task","Navon Letters"],"family":"perception","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.N2_posterior","MK.P3b"],"description":"呈现层级刺激（由小字母组成的大字母），被试辨认整体或局部层面。整体优先与干扰效应伴随后部 N2 和 P3b 的调制。","descriptionEnglish":"Hierarchical stimuli (a large letter made of small letters) are presented, and participants identify either the global or the local level. Global precedence and interference effects are accompanied by modulation of the posterior N2 and of the P3b.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-NAVON-001.yaml"},{"id":"PER-ODD-001","name":"Oddball 范式（怪球范式）","english":"Oddball paradigm","aliases":["two-stimulus oddball","P300 oddball","Auditory Oddball","P300 Task","Visual Oddball"],"family":"perception","modalities":["EEG","MEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.P3b"],"description":"两类刺激随机呈现：高频标准刺激与低频靶刺激（如两种音高的纯音，或两种视觉符号）。被试对靶刺激计数或按键。靶刺激诱发顶区 P3b，靶概率越低，P3b 越大。","descriptionEnglish":"Two kinds of stimuli are presented in random order: frequent standards and infrequent targets (for example tones of two pitches, or two visual symbols). Participants count the targets or press a button to them. Targets elicit a parietal P3b whose amplitude grows as target probability falls.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-ODD-001.yaml"},{"id":"PER-ODD-002","name":"三刺激 oddball","english":"Three-stimulus oddball","aliases":["three-stimulus oddball","novelty oddball","distractor oddball"],"family":"perception","modalities":["EEG","MEG"],"markers":["MK.P3a","MK.P3b"],"description":"在 oddball 的标准刺激与靶刺激之外，加入第三类低频非靶刺激（偏差干扰刺激或新异声音/图片）。被试只对靶刺激反应。靶刺激诱发顶区 P3b，低频非靶干扰刺激诱发潜伏期更早、额中央分布的 P3a。","descriptionEnglish":"A third, infrequent non-target stimulus (a deviant distractor or a novel sound or picture) is added to the standard and target stimuli of the oddball. Participants respond only to targets. Targets elicit a parietal P3b, whereas the rare non-target distractors elicit an earlier, fronto-central P3a.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-ODD-002.yaml"},{"id":"PER-ODD-003","name":"P300 拼写器（行/列矩阵）","english":"P300 speller (row/column matrix)","aliases":["P300 speller","row/column paradigm (RCP)","Farwell-Donchin speller","P300 matrix speller"],"family":"perception","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.P3b"],"description":"屏幕显示字符矩阵（原始版本为 6×6），各行、各列以随机顺序逐一闪烁。用户注视目标字符并默数其闪烁次数；包含该字符的行与列是低频靶刺激并诱发 P300，响应最大的行与列交点即为选中字符，并显示为反馈。","descriptionEnglish":"A matrix of characters (6 x 6 in the original) is shown and its rows and columns are flashed one at a time in random order. The user attends to the desired character and counts its flashes; the row and the column containing it are the rare targets and elicit a P300, so the character is selected at the intersection of the row and column with the largest responses, and the selected character is displayed as feedback.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-ODD-003.yaml"},{"id":"PER-ODD-004","name":"RSVP 靶检测（图像筛查）","english":"RSVP target detection (image triage)","aliases":["Rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP)","RSVP","RSVP Stream Task","RSVP Target Detection","RSVP Task","RSVP-BCI","cortically coupled computer vision (C3Vision)"],"family":"perception","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.P3b"],"description":"图像在同一位置以高速率（每秒数张）逐张呈现。被试在非靶图像中寻找低频出现的靶类别图像；通过单试次检测靶图像诱发的 P300 来标记或排序图像（如皮层耦合计算机视觉）。","descriptionEnglish":"Images are shown one after another at the same location at a high rate (several per second). The participant looks for a rare target category among non-target images; single-trial P300 responses to targets are detected to label or rank images, as in cortically coupled computer vision.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-ODD-004.yaml"},{"id":"PER-ODD-005","name":"RSVP 拼写器（不依赖注视）","english":"RSVP speller (gaze-independent)","aliases":["RSVP speller","RSVP typing"],"family":"perception","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.P3b"],"description":"字母与符号在屏幕中央快速逐个呈现。用户注意要书写的字母，该字母出现时诱发 P300，经若干次重复后选定并显示为反馈。所有符号都出现在注视点，因而无需眼动。","descriptionEnglish":"Letters and symbols are presented one at a time in rapid succession at the centre of the screen. The user attends to the letter to be written; its occurrences elicit a P300, the letter is selected after several repetitions and is shown as feedback. Because all symbols appear at fixation, the speller does not require eye movements.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-ODD-005.yaml"},{"id":"PER-ODD-006","name":"P300 拼写器（棋盘格范式）","english":"P300 speller (checkerboard paradigm)","aliases":["checkerboard paradigm (CBP)","CBP speller"],"family":"perception","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.P3b"],"description":"较大矩阵（原始版本为 8×9）的各项被分配到虚拟棋盘格的白格与黑格，形成两个 6×6 子矩阵，按随机顺序闪烁其行与列。相邻项因而不会同时闪烁，减少了行/列拼写器的相邻错误与连续闪烁。","descriptionEnglish":"The items of a larger matrix (8 x 9 in the original) are assigned to the white and black cells of a virtual checkerboard, giving two 6 x 6 sub-matrices whose rows and columns are flashed in random order. Adjacent items therefore never flash together, which reduces adjacency errors and double flashes of the row/column speller.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-ODD-006.yaml"},{"id":"PER-ODD-007","name":"单项闪烁 P300 界面（六幅图像）","english":"Single-item flashing P300 interface (six images)","aliases":["EPFL P300 paradigm","single-stimulus flashing P300 BCI"],"family":"perception","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.P3b"],"description":"屏幕显示少量图像（六幅，电视、台灯、门等家居设备），每幅图像单独按随机顺序闪烁。用户注意目标指令的图像，其闪烁诱发 P300，响应最大的图像对应的指令被选中。该界面为残障用户设计。","descriptionEnglish":"A small set of images (six, showing household devices such as a television, lamp or door) is displayed, and each image is flashed on its own in random order. The user attends to the image of the desired command, whose flashes elicit a P300; the command is selected from the image with the largest response. The interface was designed for disabled users.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-ODD-007.yaml"},{"id":"PER-ODD-008","name":"听觉空间 P300 脑机接口（AMUSE）","english":"Auditory spatial P300 BCI (AMUSE)","aliases":["AMUSE","auditory multi-class spatial ERP paradigm","spatial auditory P300 speller"],"family":"perception","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.P3b"],"description":"短促声音以随机顺序从被试周围的多个扬声器播放（公开数据集中为环形排列的 8 个扬声器）。用户注意与目标选项对应的方向，该方向的声音诱发 P300，从而在完全没有视觉刺激的情况下实现多类选择与拼写。","descriptionEnglish":"Short sounds are played in random order from several loudspeakers placed around the listener (eight in a circle in the public dataset). The user attends to the direction associated with the desired choice; sounds from that direction elicit a P300, which allows multi-class selection and spelling without any visual stimulation.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-ODD-008.yaml"},{"id":"PER-ODD-009","name":"触觉 P300 脑机接口","english":"Tactile P300 BCI","aliases":["tactile P300 BCI","vibrotactile P300"],"family":"perception","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.P3b"],"description":"放置在身体多个部位（如腰部一圈）的振动器按随机顺序逐一振动。用户在干扰振动中注意目标振动器，目标振动诱发 P300，据此识别所选位置。","descriptionEnglish":"Vibrotactile stimulators (tactors) placed at several body sites, for example around the waist, vibrate one at a time in random order. The user attends to the vibrations of the target tactor among the distracters; target vibrations elicit a P300 that identifies the chosen location.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-ODD-009.yaml"},{"id":"PER-OLF-001","name":"嗅觉诱发电位","english":"Olfactory event-related potentials","aliases":["OERP","chemosensory evoked potentials (CSERP)","olfactory event-related potentials"],"family":"perception","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.OERP"],"description":"通过嗅觉刺激仪将气味以短脉冲形式嵌入恒温加湿的持续气流中，使气味出现时不伴随触觉或温度变化。气味起始诱发潜伏期较长的嗅觉事件相关电位（N1、P2 及其后的正波）。","descriptionEnglish":"Odorants are delivered in brief pulses embedded in a constant warm, humidified air stream (olfactometer) so that no tactile or thermal change accompanies the odour. Odour onset evokes olfactory event-related potentials (N1, P2 and later positivity) with long latencies.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-OLF-001.yaml"},{"id":"PER-OMIT-001","name":"刺激遗漏范式","english":"Stimulus omission paradigm","aliases":["omission MMN","omitted stimulus potential (OSP)","self-generated sound omission","stimulus omission paradigm"],"family":"perception","modalities":["EEG","MEG"],"markers":["MK.omission_response"],"description":"外部定时的规则声音序列中偶尔遗漏一个刺激。尽管没有输入，在被遗漏声音的预期时刻仍诱发遗漏响应，被视为感觉预测的证据。","descriptionEnglish":"A regular, externally timed sound sequence occasionally omits a stimulus. Although no input arrives, an omission response is evoked at the expected time of the missing sound, taken as evidence of sensory prediction.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-OMIT-001.yaml"},{"id":"PER-OMIT-002","name":"自发产生声音的遗漏范式","english":"Self-initiated sound omission","aliases":["motor-auditory omission paradigm","self-generated sound omission"],"family":"perception","modalities":["EEG","MEG"],"markers":["MK.omission_response"],"description":"被试自定步调按键（约每秒一次），每次按键通常产生一个声音，偶尔按键后没有声音。自发产生的声音被遗漏时，诱发与听觉响应相似的遗漏响应；声音身份可预测时响应更大，表明存在声音特异的预测。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants press a button at their own pace (about once per second), and each press normally produces a sound; occasionally the press produces no sound. Omissions of the self-generated sound evoke responses resembling the auditory response, larger when the identity of the sound is predictable, which shows sound-specific prediction.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-OMIT-002.yaml"},{"id":"PER-ORN-001","name":"失谐谐波与同时声音分离","english":"Mistuned harmonic / concurrent sound segregation","aliases":["mistuned harmonic paradigm","object-related negativity paradigm","concurrent sound segregation"],"family":"perception","modalities":["EEG","MEG"],"markers":["MK.ORN"],"description":"呈现复合音，其中某个谐波或调谐或失谐。失谐使听者感知到两个同时存在的声音，并诱发客体相关负波（ORN），即约 150–250 ms 的负性差异波，在忽略声音时也会出现。","descriptionEnglish":"Complex tones are presented in which one harmonic is either in tune or mistuned. Mistuning makes listeners hear two concurrent sounds and elicits the object-related negativity, a negative difference at about 150-250 ms, which is present even when the sounds are ignored.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-ORN-001.yaml"},{"id":"PER-PRVEP-001","name":"棋盘格翻转 VEP","english":"Pattern-reversal VEP","aliases":["P100","PR-VEP","checkerboard VEP","pattern reversal VEP"],"family":"perception","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.P100_PRVEP"],"description":"被试注视棋盘格中心，棋盘格以固定速率进行黑白翻转。每次翻转诱发一个 VEP，其稳定的枕区 P100 潜伏期是临床评估视神经传导的标准指标。","descriptionEnglish":"A black-and-white checkerboard reverses contrast at a fixed rate while the participant fixates its centre. Each reversal evokes a VEP with a robust occipital P100, whose latency is the standard clinical measure of optic nerve conduction.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-PRVEP-001.yaml"},{"id":"PER-RET-001","name":"视网膜拓扑映射","english":"Retinotopic mapping","aliases":["phase-encoded retinotopy","population receptive field (pRF) mapping","retinotopic mapping","wedge-and-ring paradigm"],"family":"perception","modalities":["fMRI"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_visual_cortex"],"description":"闪烁棋盘格构成的缓慢旋转楔形和扩张环周期性地扫过视野。每个体素视觉皮层 BOLD 响应在刺激频率上的相位给出其偏好的极角或离心率，据此绘制视野图并划定早期视觉区边界。","descriptionEnglish":"A slowly rotating wedge and an expanding ring of flickering checkerboard sweep periodically across the visual field. The phase of the visual cortex BOLD response at the stimulation frequency at each voxel gives its preferred polar angle or eccentricity, which maps the visual field and delineates the borders of early visual areas.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-RET-001.yaml"},{"id":"PER-RET-002","name":"群体感受野（pRF）映射","english":"Population receptive field (pRF) mapping","aliases":["pRF mapping","population receptive field mapping","moving-bar retinotopy"],"family":"perception","modalities":["fMRI"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_visual_cortex"],"description":"在 fMRI 中呈现高对比图案孔径，典型为沿多个方向扫过视野的条带并穿插空白期（也可用环和楔形）。对每个体素的时间进程拟合群体感受野模型（位置与大小），同时得到视野图与感受野大小。","descriptionEnglish":"Apertures of high-contrast pattern, typically bars moving across the visual field in several directions with blank periods (and also rings and wedges), are shown during fMRI. A model of each voxel's population receptive field (position and size) is fitted to the time course, giving visual field maps together with receptive field size.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-RET-002.yaml"},{"id":"PER-RREP-001","name":"呼吸相关诱发电位","english":"Respiratory-related evoked potential","aliases":["RREP","inspiratory occlusion paradigm"],"family":"perception","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.RREP"],"description":"通过口器在吸气起始时短暂阻断气道（或施加吸气阻力负荷）。气流中断在中央—顶区诱发呼吸相关诱发电位，用于研究呼吸内感受。","descriptionEnglish":"Brief occlusions of the airway at inspiration onset (or inspiratory resistive loads) are delivered through a mouthpiece. The interruption evokes a respiratory-related evoked potential over centro-parietal sites, used to study respiratory interoception.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-RREP-001.yaml"},{"id":"PER-SPN-001","name":"视觉对称知觉","english":"Visual symmetry perception","aliases":["symmetry perception","sustained posterior negativity paradigm","SPN"],"family":"perception","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.SPN"],"description":"呈现对称与随机的点阵或多边形图案，持续约 1 秒或更长。相对于随机图案，对称图案在约 250 ms 起产生持续性后部负波（SPN），其波幅随对称程度增加而增大。","descriptionEnglish":"Symmetrical and random dot or polygon patterns are presented for about one second or longer. Symmetrical patterns produce a sustained posterior negativity relative to random patterns, starting at roughly 250 ms, whose amplitude scales with the proportion of symmetry.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-SPN-001.yaml"},{"id":"PER-STREAM-001","name":"听觉流分离","english":"Auditory stream segregation","aliases":["auditory streaming","ABA triplet paradigm","stream segregation"],"family":"perception","modalities":["EEG","MEG"],"markers":["MK.MMN"],"description":"以不同频率间隔和速率呈现交替音序列（如 ABA- 三音组），使其被听成一个或两个声流。只有在声流分离时，定义在单一声流内的偏差才诱发 MMN，以此作为声流形成的指标。","descriptionEnglish":"Alternating tone sequences (for example ABA- triplets) are presented with varying frequency separation and rate, so that they are heard as one or as two streams. Deviants defined within one stream elicit an MMN only when the streams are segregated, which is used as an index of stream formation.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-STREAM-001.yaml"},{"id":"PER-TACT-001","name":"触觉空间注意","english":"Tactile spatial attention","aliases":["tactile P300 BCI","tactile spatial attention","vibrotactile oddball"],"family":"perception","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.N140_somatosensory","MK.P3b"],"description":"对左右手（或多个身体部位）给予触觉刺激，被试注意其中一个部位以检测低频靶刺激。被注意部位的刺激诱发增强的体感 N140，被注意的靶刺激还会诱发 P3b。","descriptionEnglish":"Tactile stimuli are delivered to the left and right hands (or several body sites) while participants attend to one location to detect infrequent targets. Stimuli at the attended location elicit an enhanced somatosensory N140, and attended targets additionally elicit a P3b.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-TACT-001.yaml"},{"id":"PER-TON-001","name":"音调拓扑映射","english":"Tonotopic mapping","aliases":["frequency mapping of auditory cortex","tonotopic mapping","tonotopy"],"family":"perception","modalities":["fMRI"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_auditory_cortex"],"description":"按频率递进（或随机顺序）呈现纯音或窄带声。拟合每个体素听皮层 BOLD 响应的最佳频率，可显示初级听皮层及周边听区的音调拓扑梯度。","descriptionEnglish":"Tones or narrow-band sounds are presented in progressions of frequency (or in randomised order). Fitting the preferred frequency of the auditory cortex BOLD response at each voxel reveals the tonotopic gradients of primary and surrounding auditory fields.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-TON-001.yaml"},{"id":"PER-VMMN-001","name":"视觉失匹配负波","english":"Visual mismatch negativity","aliases":["vMMN","visual oddball MMN"],"family":"perception","modalities":["EEG","MEG"],"markers":["MK.vMMN"],"description":"被试执行无关任务时，高频标准视觉刺激中穿插低频偏差刺激（如颜色、朝向或面部表情的变化）。偏差刺激在约 150–350 ms 诱发后部负波，即视觉失匹配负波，被视为听觉 MMN 的视觉对应物。","descriptionEnglish":"Frequent standard visual stimuli are interrupted by rare deviants (for example in colour, orientation or facial expression) while the participant performs an unrelated task. Deviants elicit a posterior negativity at roughly 150-350 ms, the visual mismatch negativity, considered the visual counterpart of the auditory MMN.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-VMMN-001.yaml"},{"id":"PER-VOICE-001","name":"嗓音知觉（颞叶嗓音区定位）","english":"Voice perception (temporal voice areas localizer)","aliases":["voice localizer","temporal voice areas"],"family":"perception","modalities":["fMRI"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_auditory_cortex"],"description":"将人声（言语和非言语发声）组块与非人声环境声组块对比。人声沿颞上沟和颞上回引起更强的 BOLD 响应，据此界定颞叶嗓音区。","descriptionEnglish":"Blocks of vocal sounds (speech and non-speech vocalisations) are contrasted with blocks of non-vocal environmental sounds. Voices evoke stronger BOLD responses along the superior temporal sulcus and gyrus, defining the temporal voice areas.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-VOICE-001.yaml"},{"id":"PER-VS-001","name":"视觉搜索","english":"Visual search","aliases":["Conjunction Search","Feature Search","N2pc paradigm","singleton search","visual search task"],"family":"perception","modalities":["EEG","MEG"],"markers":["MK.N2pc"],"description":"被试在干扰项中搜索由单一特征或特征结合定义的靶刺激。偏侧呈现的靶刺激诱发 N2pc，即约 200–300 ms 在被注意项目对侧后部电极出现的负波，反映注意选择。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants search a display for a target defined by a single feature or by a conjunction of features among distractors. Lateralised targets elicit the N2pc, a negativity over posterior sites contralateral to the attended item at about 200-300 ms that indexes attentional selection.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/perception/PER-VS-001.yaml"},{"id":"SOC-ANIM-001","name":"几何图形动画心智化（Frith-Happé 动画）","english":"Animated shapes mentalizing (Frith-Happé animations)","aliases":["Frith-Happé animations","Heider-Simmel animations","animated triangles task"],"family":"social","modalities":["PET","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_TPJ","MK.BOLD_mPFC"],"description":"短动画中移动的几何图形表现出诱发心理状态归因的互动（如哄骗、嘲弄）、目标导向动作或随机运动，被试对其进行描述或分类。心理状态类动画增强颞顶联合区与内侧前额叶的活动。","descriptionEnglish":"Short animations of moving geometric shapes depict interactions that invite mental-state attribution (e.g. coaxing, mocking), goal-directed actions or random movement, and participants describe or classify them. Mental-state animations increase activity in the temporoparietal junction and medial prefrontal cortex.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/social/SOC-ANIM-001.yaml"},{"id":"SOC-BIO-001","name":"生物运动知觉","english":"Biological motion perception","aliases":["Johansson displays","PLW","Point-Light Displays","Point-Light Walker Task","biological motion","point-light walkers"],"family":"social","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.N170","MK.N2_posterior","MK.BOLD_pSTS"],"description":"将表现人体动作的光点显示与保留局部光点运动但破坏身体结构的打乱版或倒置版进行比较。完整生物运动比对照刺激诱发更大的后部 N170／N2 以及后颞上沟 BOLD。","descriptionEnglish":"Point-light displays depicting human actions are compared with scrambled or inverted versions in which the local dot motions are kept but the body configuration is destroyed. Intact biological motion evokes larger posterior N170/N2 responses and pSTS BOLD than the control displays.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/social/SOC-BIO-001.yaml"},{"id":"SOC-CONF-001","name":"社会从众","english":"Social conformity","aliases":["social conformity paradigm","group opinion conflict","Asch-type conformity"],"family":"social","modalities":["fMRI","EEG"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_striatum_reward","MK.BOLD_dACC"],"description":"被试先对面孔等项目评分，随后看到与其一致或冲突的群体评分，之后再次评分。与群体意见冲突引发类似预测误差的反应：后内侧额叶（喙部扣带区）BOLD 增强、腹侧纹状体 BOLD 减弱，并可预测之后的从众。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants rate items such as faces, are then shown a group rating that agrees or conflicts with theirs, and later re-rate the items. Conflict with the group elicits a prediction-error-like response, with increased posterior medial frontal (rostral cingulate) BOLD and decreased ventral striatal BOLD, which predicts later conformity.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/social/SOC-CONF-001.yaml"},{"id":"SOC-CYB-001","name":"网络传球社会排斥（Cyberball）","english":"Cyberball social exclusion","aliases":["Cyberball","ostracism paradigm","social exclusion"],"family":"social","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.P3b","MK.BOLD_dACC"],"description":"被试与名义上的其他玩家进行虚拟传球游戏，其他玩家先接纳被试，随后不再把球传给被试。排斥阶段伴随背侧前扣带 BOLD 变化；在脑电中，接球事件诱发的 P3b 在接纳与排斥条件间不同。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants play a virtual ball-tossing game with ostensible co-players who first include them and then stop passing the ball to them. Exclusion is associated with dorsal anterior cingulate BOLD, and ball-receipt events in EEG elicit P3b differences between inclusion and exclusion.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/social/SOC-CYB-001.yaml"},{"id":"SOC-DICT-001","name":"独裁者博弈","english":"Dictator game","aliases":["DG","Dictator Game"],"family":"social","modalities":["fMRI"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_vmPFC_value"],"description":"独裁者决定如何在自己与不能作出回应的匿名被动接受者之间分配一笔钱。亲社会选择的价值反映在腹内侧前额叶 BOLD 中。","descriptionEnglish":"A dictator decides how to divide an endowment between themselves and a passive anonymous recipient who cannot respond. The value of prosocial choices is reflected in ventromedial prefrontal BOLD.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/social/SOC-DICT-001.yaml"},{"id":"SOC-DICT-002","name":"慈善捐赠任务","english":"Charitable donation task","aliases":["donation task","charitable giving task"],"family":"social","modalities":["fMRI"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_vmPFC_value"],"description":"被试在多个试次中决定是否从自己的本金中向真实慈善机构捐款，并与自己获得金钱或强制向慈善机构转移的试次比较。捐赠决策激活中脑边缘奖赏系统与腹内侧前额叶价值信号。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants decide on repeated trials whether to donate money from their own endowment to real charitable organisations, compared with trials in which they receive money for themselves or in which transfers to the charity are mandatory. Donation decisions engage the mesolimbic reward system and ventromedial prefrontal value signals.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/social/SOC-DICT-002.yaml"},{"id":"SOC-EYE-001","name":"真人双向目光接触","english":"Live eye-to-eye contact","aliases":["mutual gaze","live eye contact","eye-to-eye contact hyperscanning"],"family":"social","modalities":["fNIRS"],"markers":["MK.interbrain_synchrony"],"description":"两名同伴面对面，在相互注视对方眼睛与注视对照目标（如照片中的眼睛）之间交替，同时记录双方脑活动。真实目光接触增强额、颞、顶区血流动力学信号的脑间相干。","descriptionEnglish":"Two partners face each other and alternate between looking into each other's eyes and looking at a control target such as eyes in a photograph, while both brains are recorded. Real eye contact increases cross-brain coherence of hemodynamic signals in frontal, temporal and parietal regions.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/social/SOC-EYE-001.yaml"},{"id":"SOC-GAZE-001","name":"目光线索与共同注意","english":"Gaze cueing and joint attention","aliases":["eye-gaze following","gaze cueing","gaze-cueing task","joint attention"],"family":"social","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.N170","MK.P1_visual","MK.BOLD_pSTS"],"description":"中央面孔先将视线转向一侧，随后外周出现靶刺激；即使视线方向不能预测靶位置，被注视位置的靶刺激也被更快检测。视线线索调制面孔诱发的 N170 与靶刺激诱发的 P1，并激活后颞上沟。","descriptionEnglish":"A central face shifts its gaze to one side before a peripheral target appears; targets at the gazed-at location are detected faster even when gaze does not predict target location. Gaze cues modulate the face-evoked N170 and target-evoked P1 and engage the pSTS.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/social/SOC-GAZE-001.yaml"},{"id":"SOC-GAZE-002","name":"注视联动的交互式共同注意","english":"Gaze-contingent interactive joint attention","aliases":["interactive joint attention","initiating joint attention paradigm"],"family":"social","modalities":["fMRI"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_pSTS","MK.BOLD_striatum_reward"],"description":"眼动仪把被试的注视与屏幕上的虚拟同伴联动：同伴的目光跟随被试看向物体（自我发起的共同注意）、引导被试看向物体（他人发起），或看向别处（非共同注意对照）。发起共同注意除后颞上沟外还激活腹侧纹状体奖赏区。","descriptionEnglish":"An eye tracker links the participant's gaze to an on-screen partner, so that the partner's eyes follow the participant to an object (self-initiated joint attention), lead the participant to an object (other-initiated), or look elsewhere (non-joint control). Initiating joint attention recruits ventral striatal reward regions in addition to the pSTS.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/social/SOC-GAZE-002.yaml"},{"id":"SOC-IAT-001","name":"内隐联想测验","english":"Implicit association test","aliases":["IAT","Implicit Association","Implicit Association Test"],"family":"social","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.N400","MK.LPP"],"description":"被试用两个按键对来自两个概念类别和两个属性类别的词或图片进行归类；在不同组块中，按键配对与假定的联想相容或不相容。不相容配对使反应变慢，并调制 N400 与晚期正电位。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants sort words or pictures from two concept categories and two attribute categories using two response keys, in blocks where the key pairings are compatible or incompatible with an assumed association. Incompatible pairings slow responses and modulate the N400 and late positive potential.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/social/SOC-IAT-001.yaml"},{"id":"SOC-IMIT-001","name":"模仿抑制（自动模仿）","english":"Imitation inhibition (automatic imitation)","aliases":["Action Observation Compatibility Task","Automatic Imitation","Automatic Imitation Task","Brass Imitation Task","Stimulus-Response Compatibility Imitation Task"],"family":"social","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.SMR_ERD","MK.BOLD_TPJ"],"description":"被试根据提示执行手指动作，同时观看一只手做相同（一致）或不同（不一致）的动作；观察到不一致动作时反应变慢。模仿抑制涉及颞顶联合区 BOLD，动作观察则调制感觉运动节律。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants execute a cued finger movement while watching a hand perform the same (congruent) or a different (incongruent) movement; incongruent observed actions slow responses. Imitation inhibition involves temporoparietal junction BOLD, and action observation modulates sensorimotor rhythms.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/social/SOC-IMIT-001.yaml"},{"id":"SOC-JA-001","name":"联合动作与人际协调","english":"Joint action and interpersonal coordination","aliases":["coordinated tapping","interpersonal synchronization","joint action","hyperscanning","dual-EEG","inter-brain synchrony paradigm","two-person neuroscience","hyperscanning cooperation"],"family":"social","modalities":["EEG","fNIRS"],"markers":["MK.SMR_ERD","MK.interbrain_synchrony"],"description":"两名或多名被试为共同目标协调动作，例如同步手指敲击、联合按键或合奏，通常同时记录双方的脑活动。协调过程调制感觉运动节律，并伴随同伴之间的脑间同步。","descriptionEnglish":"Two or more participants coordinate their movements toward a shared goal, for example synchronised finger tapping, joint button presses or ensemble playing, often while both brains are recorded simultaneously. Coordination modulates sensorimotor rhythms and is accompanied by inter-brain synchrony between partners.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/social/SOC-JA-001.yaml"},{"id":"SOC-MORAL-001","name":"道德两难判断","english":"Moral dilemma judgment","aliases":["moral dilemmas","trolley problem paradigm","personal vs impersonal dilemmas"],"family":"social","modalities":["fMRI"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_mPFC"],"description":"被试阅读道德两难情境（如电车难题的各种变体），这些情境在伤害行为是否由本人亲自实施上有所不同，并判断该行为是否恰当。与非亲身及非道德两难相比，亲身两难增强内侧前额叶 BOLD。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants read moral dilemmas, such as variants of the trolley problem, that differ in how personally the harmful action is carried out, and judge whether the action is appropriate. Personal dilemmas increase medial prefrontal BOLD relative to impersonal and non-moral dilemmas.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/social/SOC-MORAL-001.yaml"},{"id":"SOC-NAME-001","name":"自我名字范式","english":"Own-name paradigm","aliases":["subject's own name (SON) paradigm","own name P300","self-name oddball"],"family":"social","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.P3b"],"description":"被试被动聆听，自己的名字以较低概率夹在其他名字中出现。自身名字比其他名字诱发更大的 P3b，这一反应也用于意识障碍患者的检测。","descriptionEnglish":"The participant's own first name is presented infrequently among other names while the participant listens passively. The own name elicits a larger P3b than other names, a response also probed in patients with disorders of consciousness.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/social/SOC-NAME-001.yaml"},{"id":"SOC-NAME-002","name":"主动计数自身名字范式","english":"Active own-name counting paradigm","aliases":["active own-name paradigm","count-your-name paradigm"],"family":"social","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.P3b"],"description":"呈现包含被试自身名字的口语名字序列；在不同组块中，指示被试数自己的名字、数另一个目标名字或被动聆听。被主动计数的名字所诱发的 P3 大于被动聆听，可用于检测意识障碍患者能否执行指令。","descriptionEnglish":"Sequences of spoken names that include the participant's own name are presented, and in different blocks the participant is instructed to count their own name, to count another target name, or to listen passively. The P3 to a voluntarily counted name is larger than during passive listening, which is used to detect command following in patients with disorders of consciousness.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/social/SOC-NAME-002.yaml"},{"id":"SOC-PAIN-001","name":"疼痛共情","english":"Empathy for pain","aliases":["empathy for pain paradigm","pain empathy","vicarious pain"],"family":"social","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.LPP","MK.BOLD_anterior_insula"],"description":"伴侣在场，符号线索提示即将接受疼痛或非疼痛刺激的是被试本人还是伴侣，从而比较自身疼痛与他人疼痛。观察他人疼痛增强前岛叶 BOLD。","descriptionEnglish":"With a partner present, symbolic cues indicate whether the participant or the partner is about to receive painful or non-painful stimulation, so that pain to self and observed pain to the other can be compared. Observed pain increases anterior insula BOLD.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/social/SOC-PAIN-001.yaml"},{"id":"SOC-PAIN-002","name":"疼痛共情图片任务","english":"Pain-empathy picture task","aliases":["painful situations pictures task"],"family":"social","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.LPP","MK.BOLD_anterior_insula"],"description":"被试观看手或脚处于疼痛或非疼痛日常情境中的照片，评定画中人的疼痛强度或仅观看。疼痛图片增强前岛叶与前扣带 BOLD，并增大晚期正电位。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants view photographs of hands or feet in painful or non-painful everyday situations and judge the pain intensity felt by the depicted person or simply observe. Painful pictures increase anterior insula and anterior cingulate BOLD and enhance the late positive potential.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/social/SOC-PAIN-002.yaml"},{"id":"SOC-RACE-001","name":"种族与群体身份面孔分类","english":"Race and group-membership face categorization","aliases":["race categorization","ingroup/outgroup faces","other-race face processing"],"family":"social","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.P2_visual"],"description":"呈现种族（常同时包括性别）不同的面孔，被试按种族、性别或无关特征分类。包括视觉 P2 在内的早期注意相关 ERP 成分在内群体与外群体面孔之间存在差异。","descriptionEnglish":"Faces varying in race (and often gender) are presented while participants categorize them by race, gender or an unrelated feature. Early attention-related ERP components, including the visual P2, differ between ingroup and outgroup faces.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/social/SOC-RACE-001.yaml"},{"id":"SOC-RME-001","name":"眼中读心测验","english":"Reading the mind in the eyes","aliases":["Baron-Cohen Eyes Task","Eyes Test","RMET","Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test"],"family":"social","modalities":["fMRI"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_TPJ","MK.BOLD_mPFC"],"description":"呈现面孔眼部区域的照片，被试从四个心理状态词中选出最能描述此人所想或所感的一个，并与年龄或性别判断等对照任务比较。心理状态判断激活颞顶联合区与内侧前额叶。","descriptionEnglish":"Photographs of the eye region of faces are shown and participants choose which of four mental-state words best describes what the person is thinking or feeling, compared with a control judgement such as age or gender. Mental-state judgements engage the temporoparietal junction and medial prefrontal cortex.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/social/SOC-RME-001.yaml"},{"id":"SOC-SELF-001","name":"自我面孔识别","english":"Self-face recognition","aliases":["self-face recognition"],"family":"social","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.N170","MK.P3b"],"description":"被试观看或分类自己的面孔、熟悉面孔和陌生面孔，有时使用自我与他人之间的形变面孔。自我面孔调制 N170，并比他人面孔诱发更大的 P3b。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants view or classify their own face, familiar faces and unfamiliar faces, sometimes as morphs between self and other. The own face modulates the N170 and elicits a larger P3b than other faces.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/social/SOC-SELF-001.yaml"},{"id":"SOC-SFB-001","name":"社会评价反馈（社会判断范式）","english":"Social evaluative feedback (social judgment paradigm)","aliases":["social judgment paradigm","social feedback task","peer evaluation paradigm"],"family":"social","modalities":["fMRI"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_dACC"],"description":"被试被告知同伴已判断是否喜欢他们，并接收与其预期一致或不一致的接纳或拒绝反馈。背侧前扣带 BOLD 反映预期违背，腹侧前扣带则对社会反馈的效价作出反应。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants are led to believe that peers have judged whether they like them, and receive acceptance or rejection feedback that is consistent or inconsistent with their expectations. Dorsal anterior cingulate BOLD tracks expectancy violation, whereas ventral anterior cingulate responds to the valence of the social feedback.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/social/SOC-SFB-001.yaml"},{"id":"SOC-TOM-001","name":"心理理论（错误信念）","english":"Theory of mind (false belief)","aliases":["Sally-Anne Task","Theory of Mind Task","ToM Task","ToM localizer","false belief vs false photograph","false-belief task"],"family":"social","modalities":["fMRI"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_TPJ"],"description":"被试观看或聆听一个短故事：主人公没有看到物品被移走，因而对其位置持有错误信念；随后回答主人公会到哪里寻找，以及现实与记忆控制问题。信念归因增强颞顶联合区 BOLD。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants watch or listen to a short story in which a character does not see an object being moved and therefore holds a false belief about its location, and then answer a question about where the character will look, alongside reality and memory control questions. Belief attribution increases BOLD in the temporoparietal junction.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/social/SOC-TOM-001.yaml"},{"id":"SOC-TOM-002","name":"错误信念－错误照片定位任务","english":"False-belief versus false-photograph localizer","aliases":["false-belief localizer","ToM localizer","false photograph task"],"family":"social","modalities":["fMRI"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_TPJ"],"description":"被试以组块方式阅读简短文字故事：错误信念故事描述人物过时的信念，与之匹配的错误照片故事描述照片或地图等过时的物理表征，每个故事后回答判断题。二者之差分离出信念归因，增强颞顶联合区 BOLD。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants read short written stories in blocks; false-belief stories describe a character's outdated belief, and matched false-photograph stories describe an outdated physical representation such as a photograph or map, each followed by a true/false question. The contrast isolates belief attribution and increases BOLD in the temporoparietal junction.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/social/SOC-TOM-002.yaml"},{"id":"SOC-TPP-001","name":"第三方惩罚","english":"Third-party punishment","aliases":["third-party punishment"],"family":"social","modalities":["fMRI","EEG"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_dlPFC"],"description":"未受影响的第三方观察另外两名玩家之间的分配决策（如独裁者与接受者），并可花费自己的资源惩罚不公平行为。惩罚决策激活背外侧前额叶 BOLD。","descriptionEnglish":"An unaffected third party observes a distribution decision between two other players, for example a dictator and a recipient, and can spend own resources to punish unfair behaviour. Punishment decisions engage dorsolateral prefrontal BOLD.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/social/SOC-TPP-001.yaml"},{"id":"SOC-TRUST-001","name":"单次信任（投资）博弈","english":"One-shot trust (investment) game","aliases":["Investment Game","Iterated PD","Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma","PD","Prisoner's Dilemma","TG","Trust Game","public goods game (related)"],"family":"social","modalities":["EEG","fMRI","fNIRS"],"markers":["MK.FRN","MK.BOLD_striatum_reward"],"description":"投资者决定把多少本金转给匿名受托人，转出金额被放大，受托人再决定返还多少；每对被试只进行一次。对方的决策在脑电中诱发反馈相关负波，在 fMRI 中引起纹状体奖赏 BOLD。","descriptionEnglish":"An investor decides how much of an endowment to send to an anonymous trustee, the amount is multiplied, and the trustee decides how much to return; each pair plays once. Partner decisions elicit the feedback-related negativity in EEG and striatal reward BOLD in fMRI.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/social/SOC-TRUST-001.yaml"},{"id":"SOC-TRUST-002","name":"重复囚徒困境","english":"Iterated prisoner's dilemma","aliases":["prisoner's dilemma game","PD game"],"family":"social","modalities":["fMRI","EEG"],"markers":["MK.FRN","MK.BOLD_striatum_reward"],"description":"两名玩家在多轮中同时选择合作或背叛，每轮后公布双方选择与收益；双方合作的收益高于双方背叛，但每人都有背叛的诱惑。相互合作与纹状体奖赏 BOLD 有关，对方的选择诱发反馈相关负波。","descriptionEnglish":"Two players repeatedly and simultaneously choose to cooperate or defect, and after each round both choices and payoffs are revealed; mutual cooperation pays more than mutual defection but each player is tempted to defect. Mutual cooperation is associated with striatal reward BOLD, and partner choices elicit the feedback-related negativity.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/social/SOC-TRUST-002.yaml"},{"id":"SOC-TRUST-003","name":"固定搭档多轮信任博弈","english":"Multi-round trust game with a fixed partner","aliases":["repeated trust game","multi-round investment game"],"family":"social","modalities":["fMRI"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_striatum_reward"],"description":"同一对投资者与受托人连续进行多轮投资博弈，双方的决策逐渐形成声誉，影响对方之后的选择；超扫描版本同时记录两名玩家。受托人尾状核中的互惠信号随轮次推进而提前出现。","descriptionEnglish":"The same investor and trustee play the investment game for many consecutive rounds, so that each player's decisions build a reputation that shapes the partner's later choices; in hyperscanning versions both players are scanned. Reciprocity signals in the trustee's caudate come to anticipate the investor's decisions over rounds.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/social/SOC-TRUST-003.yaml"},{"id":"SOC-UG-001","name":"最后通牒博弈","english":"Ultimatum game","aliases":["UG","Ultimatum Game","fairness paradigm","ultimatum bargaining"],"family":"social","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.FRN","MK.BOLD_anterior_insula"],"description":"提议者提出一笔钱的分配方案，回应者接受则双方按方案获得报酬，拒绝则双方都得不到。不公平提议比公平提议引起更强的前岛叶 BOLD，并诱发更大的内侧额叶负波（FRN）。","descriptionEnglish":"A proposer offers a split of a sum of money and the responder accepts it, so both are paid, or rejects it, so neither is paid. Unfair offers increase anterior insula BOLD and elicit a larger medial frontal negativity (FRN) than fair offers.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/social/SOC-UG-001.yaml"},{"id":"SOC-VPT-001","name":"视觉观点采择","english":"Visual perspective taking","aliases":["visual perspective taking","level-1/level-2 perspective taking"],"family":"social","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_TPJ","MK.alpha_posterior"],"description":"被试判断场景中另一个体能看到什么（一级），或从其视角看场景是什么样子（二级），并与从自身视角作出的判断比较。采择他人视角激活颞顶联合区，并调制后部 α 功率。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants judge what another agent in a scene can see (level 1) or how the scene looks from that agent's viewpoint (level 2), compared with judgements from their own perspective. Taking another's perspective engages the temporoparietal junction and modulates posterior alpha power.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/social/SOC-VPT-001.yaml"},{"id":"SOC-WIT-001","name":"武器识别任务","english":"Weapons identification task","aliases":["Payne Task","Shooter Bias Task","Weapons Task"],"family":"social","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.P2_visual","MK.N2_frontocentral"],"description":"短暂呈现某社会群体（如黑人或白人）的面孔启动刺激，随后呈现枪或工具图片，被试在时间压力下分类；与刻板印象一致的错误反映刻板偏差。启动刺激与靶刺激调制视觉 P2 以及与控制相关的额中央 N2。","descriptionEnglish":"A briefly presented face prime of a social group (e.g. Black or White) precedes a picture of a gun or tool that participants classify under time pressure; race-congruent errors index stereotype bias. Primes and targets modulate the visual P2 and the fronto-central N2 associated with control.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/social/SOC-WIT-001.yaml"},{"id":"SSR-ASSR-001","name":"听觉稳态响应","english":"Auditory steady-state response (ASSR)","aliases":["40-Hz ASSR","AM-tone ASSR","ASSR","auditory steady-state evoked potential"],"family":"steady_state","modalities":["EEG","MEG"],"markers":["MK.ASSR"],"description":"以恒定速率（经典为约 40 Hz）被动呈现短声或调幅音。听觉系统跟随刺激速率，在该频率产生听觉稳态响应，用于估计听阈（也用 80–100 Hz 调制）和探测 γ 频段功能。","descriptionEnglish":"Clicks or amplitude-modulated tones are presented passively at a constant rate, classically around 40 Hz. The auditory system follows the stimulation rate, producing an auditory steady-state response at that frequency, which is used to estimate hearing thresholds (also with 80-100 Hz modulation) and to probe gamma-band function.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/steady_state/SSR-ASSR-001.yaml"},{"id":"SSR-ASSR-002","name":"基于 ASSR 的听觉脑机接口（选择性注意两路声流）","english":"ASSR-based auditory BCI (selective attention to two streams)","aliases":["ASSR BCI","vision-free ASSR BCI"],"family":"steady_state","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.ASSR"],"description":"两路调制（拍）频率不同的短纯音串（如 37 Hz 与 43 Hz）同时从左右两侧扬声器播放。用户注意其中一路，比较被注意速率与另一速率上的 ASSR 作二元选择，完全不需要视觉；该配置已在线运行。","descriptionEnglish":"Two tone-burst trains with different modulation (beat) rates, for example 37 and 43 Hz, are played at the same time from loudspeakers on the left and right. The user attends to one of them, and the ASSR at the attended rate is compared with the other to make a binary, vision-free choice; the configuration has been run online.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/steady_state/SSR-ASSR-002.yaml"},{"id":"SSR-BEAT-001","name":"节律与节拍跟随","english":"Beat / rhythm entrainment","aliases":["beat entrainment","meter frequency tagging","neural entrainment to beat","rhythm entrainment"],"family":"steady_state","modalities":["EEG","MEG"],"markers":["MK.SSEP_beat"],"description":"被试聆听节奏性声音模式或音乐，有时同时想象某种节拍结构。脑电频谱在节拍和拍律频率处出现峰值，被解释为神经活动对所知觉节拍的夹带。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants listen to rhythmic sound patterns or music, sometimes while imagining a metre. The EEG shows peaks at the beat and metre frequencies in the frequency spectrum, interpreted as neural entrainment to the perceived beat.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/steady_state/SSR-BEAT-001.yaml"},{"id":"SSR-CVEP-001","name":"编码调制视觉诱发电位","english":"Code-modulated VEP (c-VEP)","aliases":["broadband VEP","c-VEP","code-modulated VEP","m-sequence VEP"],"family":"steady_state","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.cVEP"],"description":"每个目标按照伪随机二值编码闪烁，通常为同一 m 序列的不同循环移位。将脑电响应与各编码对应的模板进行匹配，识别被注视的目标，从而在拼写器中支持大量目标。","descriptionEnglish":"Each target flickers according to a pseudorandom binary code, typically circularly shifted versions of one m-sequence. The attended target is identified by matching the EEG response to code-specific templates, which allows many targets in a speller.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/steady_state/SSR-CVEP-001.yaml"},{"id":"SSR-CVEP-002","name":"调制 Gold 码 c-VEP 拼写器","english":"c-VEP speller with modulated Gold codes","aliases":["broad-band VEP","Gold-code c-VEP","reconvolution c-VEP"],"family":"steady_state","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.cVEP"],"description":"6×6 拼写矩阵的每个单元以各自的调制 Gold 码闪烁，这些伪随机序列彼此不是时间移位关系。将对某一编码的响应建模为对其长短闪光的瞬态响应的叠加（重卷积），从而用少量训练数据预测所有编码的模板；选中单元显示为反馈。","descriptionEnglish":"Each cell of a 6 x 6 speller matrix flickers with its own modulated Gold code, a pseudorandom sequence that is not a time shift of the others. The response to a code is modelled as the superposition of transient responses to its short and long flashes (reconvolution), so templates for all codes can be predicted from limited training data; the selected cell is shown as feedback.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/steady_state/SSR-CVEP-002.yaml"},{"id":"SSR-CVEP-003","name":"突发（burst）编码 c-VEP","english":"Burst c-VEP","aliases":["burst code-VEP","burst c-VEP"],"family":"steady_state","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.cVEP"],"description":"目标以由短促闪光突发组成的稀疏序列编码，而不是致密的 m 序列。目的是诱发更大、更易区分的瞬态响应，减少所需校准数据，并减轻刺激带来的疲劳；公开数据集使用 4 个目标、2.2 s 刺激期，并有 100% 与 40% 两种幅度深度。","descriptionEnglish":"Targets are coded by sparse sequences of short flash bursts instead of dense m-sequences. The aim is to elicit larger, more distinct transient responses, to reduce the calibration data needed and to make the stimulation less tiring; the public dataset uses four targets with a 2.2 s stimulation period, at full and at 40 % amplitude depth.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/steady_state/SSR-CVEP-003.yaml"},{"id":"SSR-FFR-001","name":"频率跟随响应","english":"Frequency-following response (FFR)","aliases":["FFR","complex ABR (cABR)","envelope following response","speech-ABR"],"family":"steady_state","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.FFR"],"description":"低频纯音重复呈现多次。听觉脑干的锁相活动跟随刺激波形，平均后的响应重现刺激频率。","descriptionEnglish":"Low-frequency pure tones are repeated many times. Phase-locked activity of the auditory brainstem follows the stimulus waveform, so that the averaged response reproduces the stimulus frequency.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/steady_state/SSR-FFR-001.yaml"},{"id":"SSR-FFR-002","name":"语音诱发 FFR（复杂声听觉脑干反应）","english":"Speech-evoked FFR (complex auditory brainstem response)","aliases":["cABR","speech ABR","speech-evoked FFR","/da/ FFR"],"family":"steady_state","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.FFR"],"description":"短辅音–元音音节（如 /da/）或其他复杂声重复呈现数千次，常采用交替极性。平均后的脑干反应包含对辅音的起始响应，以及重现元音基频与谐波的频率跟随成分；其保真度用于研究发育、老化、音乐训练和语言障碍中的语音编码。","descriptionEnglish":"A short consonant-vowel syllable such as /da/ (or another complex sound) is repeated thousands of times, often in alternating polarity. The averaged brainstem response contains an onset response to the consonant and a frequency-following component that reproduces the fundamental frequency and harmonics of the vowel; its fidelity is used to study speech encoding in development, ageing, musicians and language disorders.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/steady_state/SSR-FFR-002.yaml"},{"id":"SSR-FPAS-001","name":"快速周期听觉刺激","english":"Fast periodic auditory stimulation","aliases":["FPAS","auditory frequency-tagging oddball"],"family":"steady_state","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.FPAS_oddball"],"description":"以较快的固定速率呈现短声，并以较慢的周期速率插入目标类别的声音（如人声）。oddball 频率处的响应表明类别辨别，与视觉 FPVS 相类似。","descriptionEnglish":"Short sounds are presented at a fast fixed rate, with sounds of a target category (for example voices) inserted at a slower periodic rate. A response at the oddball frequency indicates category discrimination, analogous to visual FPVS.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/steady_state/SSR-FPAS-001.yaml"},{"id":"SSR-FPVS-001","name":"快速周期视觉刺激（频率标记）","english":"Fast periodic visual stimulation (FPVS)","aliases":["FPVS","FPVS-oddball","fast periodic oddball","frequency-tagging oddball"],"family":"steady_state","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.FPVS_oddball"],"description":"以较快的固定速率（如 6 Hz）呈现图像，并以较慢的周期速率（如每第五张）插入不同类别或身份的图像。在 oddball 频率及其谐波处出现、区别于基频响应的反应，表明大脑对 oddball 类别进行了辨别。","descriptionEnglish":"Images are presented at a fast fixed rate (for example 6 Hz), and an image of a different category or identity appears at a slower periodic rate (for example every fifth image). A response at the oddball frequency and its harmonics, separate from the base-frequency response, indicates that the brain discriminates the oddball category.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/steady_state/SSR-FPVS-001.yaml"},{"id":"SSR-IM-001","name":"互调频率标记","english":"Intermodulation frequency tagging","aliases":["intermodulation","IM frequency tagging","part-whole frequency tagging"],"family":"steady_state","modalities":["EEG","MEG"],"markers":["MK.intermodulation"],"description":"刺激的两部分（如面孔左右两半）分别以不同频率 f1、f2 闪烁。互调频率（如 f1+f2）处的响应只能来自同时整合两路输入的神经群体，因此反映对各部分的整合。","descriptionEnglish":"Two parts of a stimulus (for example the two halves of a face) flicker at different frequencies f1 and f2. Responses at intermodulation frequencies (such as f1+f2) can only arise from neural populations that integrate both inputs, and therefore index integration of the parts.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/steady_state/SSR-IM-001.yaml"},{"id":"SSR-NSSEP-001","name":"伤害性稳态诱发电位","english":"Nociceptive steady-state evoked potentials","aliases":["nociceptive SS-EP","periodic thermal stimulation"],"family":"steady_state","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.SSEP_nociceptive"],"description":"以快速周期性热（激光）刺激皮肤（如 7 Hz），反复激活伤害感受器。脑电在刺激频率处出现稳态响应，其头皮分布不同于非伤害性振动触觉稳态响应。","descriptionEnglish":"Rapid periodic thermal (laser) stimulation of the skin, for example at 7 Hz, activates nociceptors repeatedly. The EEG shows a steady-state response at the stimulation frequency with a topography different from non-nociceptive vibrotactile steady-state responses.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/steady_state/SSR-NSSEP-001.yaml"},{"id":"SSR-RVS-001","name":"节律性视觉刺激（α 夹带）","english":"Rhythmic visual stimulation (alpha entrainment)","aliases":["rhythmic entrainment","alpha entrainment by flicker"],"family":"steady_state","modalities":["EEG","MEG"],"markers":["MK.oscillatory_entrainment"],"description":"在接近阈限的靶刺激之前呈现处于或接近 α 频率的节律性视觉刺激流，靶刺激相对于节律处于不同相位。被夹带的 α 振荡在刺激流结束后短暂持续，靶检测率随夹带节律的相位而变化。","descriptionEnglish":"A rhythmic visual stream at or near the alpha frequency precedes a near-threshold target presented at different phases relative to the rhythm. Entrained alpha oscillations persist briefly after the stream, and target detection varies with the phase of the entrained rhythm.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/steady_state/SSR-RVS-001.yaml"},{"id":"SSR-SSMVEP-001","name":"稳态运动视觉诱发电位","english":"Steady-state motion VEP (SSMVEP)","aliases":["SSMVEP","oscillating Newton's rings paradigm","steady-state motion VEP"],"family":"steady_state","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.SSMVEP"],"description":"目标以不同频率进行周期性运动（如振荡牛顿环、收缩—扩张棋盘格或移动光栅），且亮度变化很小。运动敏感视皮层跟随运动频率，产生稳态运动视觉诱发电位，视觉疲劳低于闪烁 SSVEP。","descriptionEnglish":"Targets show periodic motion (for example oscillating Newton's rings, expanding-contracting checkerboards or moving gratings) at distinct frequencies with little luminance change. Motion-sensitive visual cortex follows the motion frequency, producing a steady-state motion VEP with less visual fatigue than flicker SSVEP.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/steady_state/SSR-SSMVEP-001.yaml"},{"id":"SSR-SSSEP-001","name":"稳态体感诱发电位","english":"Steady-state somatosensory evoked potential (SSSEP)","aliases":["SSSEP","steady-state somatosensory evoked potential","vibrotactile steady-state"],"family":"steady_state","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.SSSEP"],"description":"在被试静息时，以恒定频率（通常 20–30 Hz）对手指或手腕施加振动刺激。初级体感皮层在刺激频率及其谐波上产生响应，即稳态体感诱发电位，其幅度依赖刺激频率。","descriptionEnglish":"Vibrotactile stimulation at a constant frequency (typically 20-30 Hz) is applied to a finger or wrist while the participant rests. Primary somatosensory cortex responds at the stimulation frequency and its harmonics, giving the steady-state somatosensory evoked potential, whose amplitude depends on the stimulation frequency.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/steady_state/SSR-SSSEP-001.yaml"},{"id":"SSR-SSSEP-002","name":"稳态触觉空间注意脑机接口","english":"Steady-state tactile spatial attention BCI","aliases":["SSSEP BCI","tactile SSSEP attention"],"family":"steady_state","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.SSSEP"],"description":"双手（或双腕）同时接受两种不同频率的振动刺激。用户按指令注意左侧或右侧的振动；被注意一侧频率上的 SSSEP 增强，据此分类为二元指令。","descriptionEnglish":"Both hands (or wrists) are stimulated at the same time with vibrations at two different frequencies. The user attends to the left or the right vibration as instructed; the SSSEP at the frequency of the attended side is enhanced, which is classified as a binary command.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/steady_state/SSR-SSSEP-002.yaml"},{"id":"SSR-SSVEP-001","name":"稳态视觉诱发电位范式","english":"Steady-state visual evoked potential paradigm","aliases":["steady-state VEP","SSVEP","photic following"],"family":"steady_state","modalities":["EEG","MEG"],"markers":["MK.SSVEP"],"description":"被试被动观看以恒定频率调制的单一光源，各次运行改变频率。平均的枕区响应跟随刺激频率及其谐波；其幅度与相位随频率的变化刻画了稳态视觉诱发电位。","descriptionEnglish":"A single light source modulated at a constant frequency is viewed passively, and the frequency is changed between runs. The averaged occipital response follows the stimulation frequency and its harmonics; its amplitude and phase as a function of frequency characterise the steady-state visual evoked potential.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/steady_state/SSR-SSVEP-001.yaml"},{"id":"SSR-SSVEP-002","name":"频率编码多目标 SSVEP 脑机接口","english":"Frequency-coded multi-target SSVEP BCI","aliases":["SSVEP-BCI","SSVEP-based BCI","frequency-coded SSVEP"],"family":"steady_state","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.SSVEP"],"description":"多个目标同时闪烁，各有自己的频率。用户注视目标，枕区脑电频谱中占优势的频率对应的目标被选中并反馈给用户，通常在提示后经数秒刺激完成一次选择。","descriptionEnglish":"Several targets flicker simultaneously, each at its own frequency. The user gazes at the desired target, and the target whose frequency dominates the occipital EEG spectrum is selected and fed back to the user, typically after a cue and a stimulation period of a few seconds.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/steady_state/SSR-SSVEP-002.yaml"},{"id":"SSR-SSVEP-003","name":"光驱动（临床间断闪光刺激）","english":"Photic driving (clinical intermittent photic stimulation)","aliases":["intermittent photic stimulation (IPS)","photic driving","photic stimulation"],"family":"steady_state","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.SSVEP"],"description":"临床脑电检查中，置于患者前方的频闪灯以一系列固定频率给出闪光串，分别在睁眼和闭眼时进行。记录枕区节律在闪光频率及其谐波上的驱动，并筛查光阵发性反应。","descriptionEnglish":"During a clinical EEG, a stroboscopic lamp in front of the patient delivers trains of flashes at a series of fixed frequencies, with the eyes open and closed. Driving of the occipital rhythm at the flash frequency and its harmonics is noted, and photoparoxysmal responses are screened for.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/steady_state/SSR-SSVEP-003.yaml"},{"id":"SSR-SSVEP-004","name":"并存刺激的频率标记注意","english":"Frequency-tagged attention to concurrent stimuli","aliases":["frequency tagging","frequency-tagged attention","multi-target SSVEP attention","frequency-tagged visual stimulation"],"family":"steady_state","modalities":["EEG","MEG"],"markers":["MK.SSVEP"],"description":"同时呈现两个或多个刺激（如分别位于左右视野），各以自己的频率闪烁。被试注视中央，按提示隐蔽地注意其中一个；被注意刺激频率上的 SSVEP 增强，因此各标记频率追踪注意的分配。","descriptionEnglish":"Two or more stimuli are shown at the same time, for example in the left and right visual hemifields, each flickering at its own frequency. Participants are cued to attend covertly to one of them while fixating centrally; the SSVEP at the frequency of the attended stimulus is enhanced, so the tagged frequencies track the allocation of attention.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/steady_state/SSR-SSVEP-004.yaml"},{"id":"SSR-SSVEP-005","name":"联合频率–相位调制 40 目标 SSVEP 拼写器","english":"Joint frequency-phase modulated 40-target SSVEP speller","aliases":["JFPM SSVEP speller","Tsinghua 40-target speller","JFPM","12-class JFPM SSVEP"],"family":"steady_state","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.SSVEP"],"description":"虚拟键盘的 40 个字符同时闪烁，每个字符由唯一的频率（基准数据集中为 8–15.8 Hz，间隔 0.2 Hz）与相位组合标记。视觉提示后进入短暂闪烁期，用基于模板的空间滤波识别被注视的字符，在线拼写时显示为反馈。","descriptionEnglish":"Forty characters of a virtual keyboard flicker simultaneously; each is tagged by a unique combination of frequency (8-15.8 Hz in 0.2 Hz steps in the benchmark dataset) and phase. A visual cue precedes a short flicker period, and the attended character is identified with template-based spatial filtering and shown as feedback in online spelling.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/steady_state/SSR-SSVEP-005.yaml"},{"id":"SSR-SSVEP-007","name":"含静息（非控制）类的频率编码 SSVEP","english":"Frequency-coded SSVEP with a no-control (rest) class","aliases":["SSVEP with resting class"],"family":"steady_state","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.SSVEP"],"description":"三个 LED 分别以 13、17、21 Hz 闪烁。听觉指令告诉用户注视哪一个 LED，或都不注视；静息试次构成明确的非控制类，分类器既要区分频率，也要拒识非意图时段。该配置用黎曼几何分类器进行了在线测试。","descriptionEnglish":"Three LEDs flicker at 13, 17 and 21 Hz. An auditory instruction tells the user which LED to attend to, or to attend none of them; the resting trials form an explicit no-control class, so the classifier must reject non-intentional periods as well as discriminate the frequencies. The configuration was used online with Riemannian classifiers.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/steady_state/SSR-SSVEP-007.yaml"},{"id":"SSR-SSVEP-008","name":"异步（自定步调）SSVEP 脑机接口","english":"Asynchronous (self-paced) SSVEP BCI","aliases":["self-paced SSVEP BCI","asynchronous SSVEP"],"family":"steady_state","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.SSVEP"],"description":"频率编码的目标持续闪烁，用户自行决定何时注视某个目标。系统先判断用户处于控制状态还是空闲状态，再判别被注视的频率，因此指令在用户自选的时刻发出，没有提示驱动的试次。","descriptionEnglish":"Frequency-coded targets flicker continuously and the user decides when to look at a target. The system first detects whether the user is in a control state or an idle state and only then discriminates the attended frequency, so commands are issued at self-chosen times without cue-paced trials.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/steady_state/SSR-SSVEP-008.yaml"},{"id":"SSR-SWEEP-001","name":"扫描 VEP（视敏度评估）","english":"Sweep VEP","aliases":[],"family":"steady_state","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.SSVEP"],"description":"以固定速率翻转的图形刺激在数秒的单个试次中扫过一系列空间频率（或对比度）。将稳态 VEP 波幅对空间频率作图并外推至零，估计视敏度，例如用于婴儿。","descriptionEnglish":"A pattern stimulus reversing at a fixed rate is swept through a range of spatial frequencies (or contrasts) within a single trial of several seconds. The amplitude of the steady-state VEP is plotted against spatial frequency and extrapolated to zero to estimate visual acuity, for example in infants.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/steady_state/SSR-SWEEP-001.yaml"},{"id":"STA-ANES-001","name":"麻醉与意识水平","english":"Anesthesia and level of consciousness","aliases":["depth of anesthesia monitoring","loss/return of consciousness","propofol induction"],"family":"state","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.slow_wave","MK.frontal_alpha_anesthesia"],"description":"在给予与撤除麻醉药（如丙泊酚）的过程中记录脑电，常以周期性的听觉或言语探测确定反应性的丧失与恢复。意识丧失伴随大幅慢波以及 α 功率向额区前移。","descriptionEnglish":"EEG is recorded while an anaesthetic such as propofol is administered and withdrawn, often with periodic auditory or verbal probes to determine loss and return of responsiveness. Unconsciousness is accompanied by large slow waves and by anteriorization of alpha power toward frontal sites.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/state/STA-ANES-001.yaml"},{"id":"STA-CLAS-001","name":"睡眠慢振荡闭环听觉刺激","english":"Closed-loop auditory stimulation of sleep slow oscillations","aliases":["closed-loop acoustic stimulation","CLAS","phase-locked auditory stimulation in sleep","pink-noise slow-wave enhancement","phase-locked auditory stimulation","acoustic slow-wave enhancement"],"family":"state","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.slow_wave","MK.sleep_spindle"],"description":"在 NREM 睡眠期间实时监测脑电，并将短暂声音（如粉红噪声脉冲）锁相于慢振荡的上升态呈现。同相刺激增强慢振荡节律及与其相位耦合的纺锤波活动。","descriptionEnglish":"During NREM sleep, the online EEG is monitored and brief sounds such as pink-noise bursts are delivered phase-locked to the up-states of slow oscillations. In-phase stimulation enhances the slow oscillation rhythm and phase-coupled spindle activity.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/state/STA-CLAS-001.yaml"},{"id":"STA-DREAM-001","name":"系列唤醒梦境报告范式","english":"Serial awakening dream report paradigm","aliases":["serial awakening paradigm","dream reports","no-report vs report of dreaming"],"family":"state","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.slow_wave"],"description":"被试在不同睡眠阶段被声音反复唤醒，并被询问醒前是否有任何体验，比较有梦与无梦报告之前的脑电。梦境体验与后部皮层局部低频（慢波）活动降低有关。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants are repeatedly awakened from different sleep stages by a sound and asked whether they were experiencing anything, and EEG preceding awakenings with and without dream reports is compared. Dream experience is associated with local decreases in low-frequency (slow-wave) activity over posterior cortex.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/state/STA-DREAM-001.yaml"},{"id":"STA-DRV-001","name":"模拟驾驶与持续警觉","english":"Simulated driving and sustained vigilance","aliases":["driving simulator fatigue","lane-keeping drowsiness task","sustained-attention driving"],"family":"state","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.alpha_posterior","MK.theta_drowsiness"],"description":"被试在驾驶模拟器中长时间驾驶，在随机出现的车道偏移事件中保持车辆居中；对每次偏移的反应时作为困倦程度的指标。困倦加深伴随 θ 与后部 α 功率升高。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants drive in a simulator for a prolonged session, keeping the vehicle in lane while random lane-departure events occur, and the reaction time to each event indexes drowsiness. Increasing drowsiness is accompanied by higher theta and posterior alpha power.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/state/STA-DRV-001.yaml"},{"id":"STA-DRV-002","name":"连续模拟驾驶（眼动警觉标注）","english":"Continuous simulated driving with eye-tracking vigilance labels","aliases":["SEED-VIG paradigm"],"family":"state","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.alpha_posterior","MK.theta_drowsiness"],"description":"被试在虚拟驾驶系统中进行长时间单调驾驶，不设离散的车道偏移事件；眼动眼镜计算 PERCLOS（眼睑闭合百分比），作为同步脑电的连续警觉标注。将脑电频段功率（尤其 θ 与 α）对连续警觉指标进行回归。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants drive in a virtual driving system for a long monotonous session without discrete lane-departure events, while eye-tracking glasses compute PERCLOS (percentage of eyelid closure) as a continuous vigilance label for the simultaneous EEG. EEG band power, notably theta and alpha, is regressed on the continuous vigilance index.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/state/STA-DRV-002.yaml"},{"id":"STA-ENG-001","name":"自然视频与学习中的投入度","english":"Engagement during naturalistic video and learning","aliases":["classroom EEG","inter-subject correlation (ISC)","learning engagement","video engagement"],"family":"state","modalities":["EEG","fNIRS"],"markers":["MK.ISC","MK.alpha_posterior"],"description":"多名被试观看相同的影片片段或教学视频，有时通过重复或时间打乱降低投入度，并计算其神经反应的相似性。投入度以脑电被试间相关为指标，并伴随后部 α 功率降低。","descriptionEnglish":"Groups of participants watch the same film clips or instructional videos, sometimes repeated or temporally scrambled to reduce engagement, and the similarity of their neural responses is computed. Engagement is indexed by inter-subject correlation of EEG, accompanied by reduced posterior alpha power.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/state/STA-ENG-001.yaml"},{"id":"STA-HYPN-001","name":"催眠诱导","english":"Hypnotic induction","aliases":["hypnosis","hypnotic state","hypnotic induction"],"family":"state","modalities":["fMRI","EEG"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_dACC","MK.DMN_connectivity"],"description":"高、低催眠易感性的被试聆听标准化的催眠诱导，并与静息或对照条件（如记忆回忆）比较。催眠状态伴随背侧前扣带活动降低，以及前额叶与默认模式网络之间连接的改变。","descriptionEnglish":"Highly and low hypnotizable participants listen to a standardized hypnotic induction and are compared with rest or control conditions such as memory recall. The hypnotic state is accompanied by reduced dorsal anterior cingulate activity and altered connectivity between prefrontal cortex and the default mode network.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/state/STA-HYPN-001.yaml"},{"id":"STA-MATB-001","name":"多属性任务组（MATB）","english":"Multi-attribute task battery (MATB)","aliases":["MATB","MATB-II","OpenMATB","multi-attribute task battery"],"family":"state","modalities":["EEG","fNIRS"],"markers":["MK.frontal_midline_theta","MK.alpha_posterior","MK.HbO_prefrontal"],"description":"被试在模拟驾驶舱中同时监视仪表、追踪目标、管理燃油资源并回应通信请求，工作负荷由子任务的速率和数量设定。负荷升高时额中线 θ 和前额叶 HbO 增加，后部 α 功率降低。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants simultaneously monitor gauges, track a target, manage fuel resources and respond to communication requests in a simulated cockpit, with workload set by the rate and number of subtasks. Higher workload increases frontal midline theta and prefrontal HbO and decreases posterior alpha power.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/state/STA-MATB-001.yaml"},{"id":"STA-MED-001","name":"冥想","english":"Meditation","aliases":["focused-attention meditation","mindfulness meditation","open-monitoring meditation"],"family":"state","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.alpha_posterior","MK.frontal_midline_theta"],"description":"冥想者或受训新手进行数分钟的专注型、开放觉察型或其他冥想，并与走神或静息基线比较。冥想状态与后部 α 及额中线 θ 功率的变化有关。","descriptionEnglish":"Practitioners or trained novices perform focused-attention, open-monitoring or other meditation for minutes, compared with mind-wandering or rest baselines. Meditation states are associated with changes in posterior alpha and frontal midline theta power.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/state/STA-MED-001.yaml"},{"id":"STA-MW-001","name":"走神（思维探测采样）","english":"Mind wandering (probe-caught thought sampling)","aliases":["experience sampling","mind wandering","task-unrelated thought","thought probes"],"family":"state","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.alpha_posterior","MK.P3b","MK.DMN_connectivity"],"description":"在单调的持续任务中，思维探测在随机时刻询问被试注意力是在任务上还是在别处，并比较“在任务”与“离任务”报告之前的神经活动。离任务期间任务刺激诱发的 P3b 减小，后部 α 增强，默认模式网络被激活。","descriptionEnglish":"During a monotonous ongoing task, thought probes ask participants at random times whether their attention was on the task or elsewhere, and neural activity preceding on- and off-task reports is compared. Off-task periods show reduced P3b to task stimuli, increased posterior alpha and engagement of the default mode network.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/state/STA-MW-001.yaml"},{"id":"STA-MW-002","name":"走神（自我觉察报告）","english":"Mind wandering (self-caught reports)","aliases":["self-caught mind wandering","mindless reading paradigm"],"family":"state","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.alpha_posterior","MK.P3b"],"description":"在阅读等持续任务中，被试每当察觉自己的注意离开任务时就按键；比较这些自我觉察报告之前的时段与专注时段。该方法常与思维探测结合，以区分有觉察与无觉察的走神。走神时段伴随后部 α 增强与刺激诱发反应减弱。","descriptionEnglish":"During an ongoing task such as reading, participants press a key whenever they notice that their attention has drifted away from the task, and the periods before these self-caught reports are compared with on-task periods; the method is often combined with thought probes to separate lapses with and without awareness. Off-task periods are accompanied by increased posterior alpha and reduced stimulus-evoked responses.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/state/STA-MW-002.yaml"},{"id":"STA-NF-001","name":"脑电频段功率神经反馈","english":"EEG band-power neurofeedback","aliases":["EEG biofeedback","neurofeedback","real-time fMRI neurofeedback","rtfMRI-NF"],"family":"state","modalities":["EEG","fMRI","fNIRS"],"markers":["MK.SMR_ERD","MK.alpha_posterior"],"description":"实时提取目标脑电频段（如感觉运动节律或后部 α）的功率，以视觉、听觉显示或奖励信号的形式反馈；经过多次训练，被试学会使其朝目标方向变化。","descriptionEnglish":"Power in a target EEG frequency band, such as the sensorimotor rhythm or posterior alpha, is extracted in real time and fed back as a visual or auditory display or a reward signal, and over sessions the participant learns to change it in the target direction.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/state/STA-NF-001.yaml"},{"id":"STA-NF-002","name":"血流动力学区域神经反馈（rtfMRI／fNIRS）","english":"Haemodynamic regional neurofeedback (rtfMRI / fNIRS)","aliases":["real-time fMRI neurofeedback","rtfMRI-NF","fNIRS neurofeedback"],"family":"state","modalities":["fMRI","fNIRS"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_amygdala"],"description":"实时计算预先选定的目标脑区的血流动力学信号并加以显示（如温度计条），被试在试图上调或下调该信号的组块与休息组块之间交替。习得的调节由目标脑区本身读出，如情绪调节训练中的杏仁核。","descriptionEnglish":"The haemodynamic signal of a predefined target region is computed in real time and shown, for example as a thermometer bar, while participants alternate between blocks in which they try to up- or down-regulate it and rest blocks. Learned regulation is read out from the target region itself, such as the amygdala in emotion-regulation training.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/state/STA-NF-002.yaml"},{"id":"STA-PSY-001","name":"致幻剂药物状态","english":"Psychedelic drug state","aliases":["psychedelic state","LSD / psilocybin neuroimaging","pharmacological altered state"],"family":"state","modalities":["fMRI","MEG"],"markers":["MK.alpha_posterior","MK.DMN_connectivity"],"description":"在被试内设计中，给予 LSD 或裸盖菇素等致幻剂后记录静息态脑活动，并与安慰剂比较。致幻状态伴随后部 α 功率降低和默认模式网络整合性下降。","descriptionEnglish":"Brain activity is recorded at rest after administration of a psychedelic such as LSD or psilocybin and compared with placebo in a within-subject design. The psychedelic state is accompanied by decreased posterior alpha power and reduced integrity of the default mode network.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/state/STA-PSY-001.yaml"},{"id":"STA-PVT-001","name":"精神运动警觉任务（PVT）","english":"Psychomotor vigilance task (PVT)","aliases":["PVT","Psychomotor Vigilance","psychomotor vigilance test"],"family":"state","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.alpha_posterior","MK.theta_drowsiness"],"description":"在 3–10 分钟的测试中，简单视觉刺激（如毫秒计数器）以数秒的随机间隔出现，被试尽快反应；反应失误和变慢反映警觉下降，尤其在睡眠不足后。反应变慢之前 θ 与后部 α 功率升高。","descriptionEnglish":"A simple visual stimulus such as a millisecond counter appears at random intervals of a few seconds over a 3-10 minute session, and participants respond as fast as possible; lapses and slowing index reduced vigilance, particularly after sleep loss. Slower responses are preceded by increased theta and posterior alpha power.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/state/STA-PVT-001.yaml"},{"id":"STA-REST-001","name":"静息态（单一连续条件）","english":"Resting state (single continuous condition)","aliases":["Baseline Rest","EO/EC baseline","Rest Block","Resting State","Resting-State Recording","alpha blocking / Berger effect","resting-state"],"family":"state","modalities":["EEG","MEG","fMRI","fNIRS"],"markers":["MK.alpha_posterior","MK.DMN_connectivity"],"description":"被试在单一条件下安静休息数分钟，不执行任务，闭眼或睁眼注视十字。自发波动揭示默认模式网络等功能网络，闭眼静息时后部 α 明显。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants rest quietly without a task for several minutes in a single condition, either with eyes closed or with eyes open on a fixation cross. Spontaneous fluctuations reveal functional networks such as the default mode network, and eyes-closed rest shows strong posterior alpha.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/state/STA-REST-001.yaml"},{"id":"STA-REST-002","name":"闭眼／睁眼交替静息","english":"Alternating eyes-closed / eyes-open rest","aliases":["EO/EC resting state","Berger effect protocol"],"family":"state","modalities":["EEG","MEG"],"markers":["MK.alpha_posterior"],"description":"被试不执行任务，在闭眼与睁眼组块之间交替休息，比较两种条件。睁眼使后部 α 功率被阻断（α 反应性），可用于快速检查信号质量，也作为静息态生物标志物。","descriptionEnglish":"Participants rest without a task in alternating blocks with eyes closed and eyes open, and the two conditions are compared. Eye opening blocks posterior alpha power (alpha reactivity), which serves as a quick check of signal quality and as a resting biomarker.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/state/STA-REST-002.yaml"},{"id":"STA-SCP-001","name":"慢皮层电位自我调节训练（二分类）","english":"SCP self-regulation training (binary)","aliases":["SCP feedback","SCP-BCI","thought translation device (TTD)"],"family":"state","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.SCP"],"description":"每个试次中，提示要求被试产生持续数秒的头顶慢皮层电位负向或正向偏移，SCP 以移动的光标或物体连续显示。被训练的信号就是慢皮层电位本身。","descriptionEnglish":"On each trial a cue indicates whether the participant should produce a negative or a positive shift of the vertex slow cortical potential lasting several seconds, and the SCP is shown continuously as a moving cursor or object. The trained signal is the slow cortical potential itself.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/state/STA-SCP-001.yaml"},{"id":"STA-SCP-002","name":"慢皮层电位拼写装置（思维翻译装置）","english":"SCP-driven spelling device (Thought Translation Device)","aliases":["Thought Translation Device","TTD"],"family":"state","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.SCP"],"description":"已学会控制头顶慢皮层电位的使用者，通过负向或正向偏移来选择或拒绝屏幕上逐步缩小的字母组，以一连串二元选择拼出单词。每个选择区间内以视觉方式反馈 SCP。","descriptionEnglish":"A person who has learned to control the vertex slow cortical potential uses negative or positive shifts to select or reject successively smaller groups of letters presented on a screen, so that binary selections spell words. Visual feedback shows the SCP during each selection interval.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/state/STA-SCP-002.yaml"},{"id":"STA-SLP-001","name":"睡眠分期（Rechtschaffen & Kales 规则）","english":"Sleep staging (Rechtschaffen & Kales rules)","aliases":["AASM staging","polysomnography staging","sleep scoring"],"family":"state","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.sleep_spindle","MK.slow_wave"],"description":"整夜记录中央导联脑电及眼电、颏肌电，按 Rechtschaffen 与 Kales 规则以 30 秒为一帧判读为清醒、NREM 1–4 期与 REM 期。NREM 各期由睡眠纺锤波、K 复合波与慢波所占比例界定。","descriptionEnglish":"Overnight EEG from central derivations, together with electro-oculogram and chin electromyogram, is scored in 30-s epochs into wake, NREM stages 1-4 and REM according to the Rechtschaffen and Kales rules. NREM stages are defined by sleep spindles, K-complexes and the proportion of slow waves.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/state/STA-SLP-001.yaml"},{"id":"STA-SLP-002","name":"睡眠分期（AASM 规则）","english":"Sleep staging (AASM rules)","aliases":["AASM scoring","N1-N3 staging"],"family":"state","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.sleep_spindle","MK.slow_wave"],"description":"按美国睡眠医学会手册将整夜多导睡眠图以 30 秒一帧判读为清醒、N1、N2、N3 与 R 五期；该手册把原 3、4 期合并为 N3，并为慢波判读增加额区导联。目前多数自动睡眠分期模型以这一标注为目标。","descriptionEnglish":"Overnight polysomnography is scored in 30-s epochs into five stages, wake, N1, N2, N3 and R, according to the American Academy of Sleep Medicine manual, which merges the former stages 3 and 4 into N3 and adds frontal EEG derivations for slow-wave scoring. These labels are the targets of most current automatic sleep-staging models.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/state/STA-SLP-002.yaml"},{"id":"STM-ADBS-001","name":"自适应（闭环）深部脑刺激","english":"Adaptive (closed-loop) deep brain stimulation","aliases":["adaptive DBS","aDBS","closed-loop DBS","beta-triggered DBS"],"family":"stimulation","modalities":["other"],"markers":["MK.subthalamic_beta"],"description":"在植入 DBS 电极的患者（通常为帕金森病丘脑底核）中，从刺激电极记录局部场电位，当生物标记物（通常为 β 频段功率）超过阈值时开启或调整刺激。丘脑底核 β 信号既是控制变量，也是结果指标。","descriptionEnglish":"In patients with DBS electrodes (typically in the subthalamic nucleus for Parkinson's disease), local field potentials are recorded from the stimulating lead and stimulation is switched on or adjusted when a biomarker, usually beta-band power, exceeds a threshold. The subthalamic beta signal serves both as the control variable and as the outcome measure.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/stimulation/STM-ADBS-001.yaml"},{"id":"STM-CCEP-001","name":"皮层-皮层诱发电位","english":"Cortico-cortical evoked potentials","aliases":["CCEP","single pulse electrical stimulation","SPES"],"family":"stimulation","modalities":["ECoG","sEEG"],"markers":["MK.CCEP"],"description":"在植入硬膜下或深部电极的患者中，向一对触点反复施加单个电脉冲，同时在其余所有触点记录响应。远隔部位的平均响应（早期 N1 和较晚的 N2 波）揭示从受刺激皮层出发的有效连接。","descriptionEnglish":"In patients with implanted subdural or depth electrodes, single electrical pulses are delivered repeatedly to a pair of contacts while responses are recorded from all other contacts. Averaged responses at distant sites (an early N1 and a later N2 deflection) reveal effective connectivity from the stimulated cortex.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/stimulation/STM-CCEP-001.yaml"},{"id":"STM-DBSEP-001","name":"深部脑刺激诱发电位","english":"DBS-evoked potentials","aliases":["DBS-evoked potentials","evoked resonant neural activity","ERNA","DBS cortical evoked potentials"],"family":"stimulation","modalities":["other","EEG"],"markers":["MK.ERNA","MK.DBS_cortical_EP"],"description":"通过植入电极（如丘脑底核）以短串或单脉冲方式施加深部脑刺激，同时从同一电极的非刺激触点和/或头皮脑电记录响应。刺激诱发高频、逐渐衰减的局部共振响应（ERNA）以及皮层诱发电位，其特征随电极位置而变化。","descriptionEnglish":"Deep brain stimulation is delivered through an implanted electrode (e.g. in the subthalamic nucleus) in short bursts or single pulses while responses are recorded from non-stimulating contacts of the same lead and/or from scalp EEG. Stimulation evokes a high-frequency, decaying resonant local response (ERNA) and cortical evoked potentials whose features vary with electrode location.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/stimulation/STM-DBSEP-001.yaml"},{"id":"STM-GVS-001","name":"直流电前庭刺激","english":"Galvanic vestibular stimulation","aliases":["GVS","galvanic vestibular stimulation","vestibular electrical stimulation"],"family":"stimulation","modalities":["fMRI","EEG"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_vestibular_cortex"],"description":"在双侧乳突电极之间施加弱电流，刺激前庭神经并产生倾斜或自身运动的感觉，并与伪刺激或皮肤对照刺激比较。刺激激活多感觉前庭皮层（后岛叶/顶-岛区域），并伴随视觉与体感区域的信号下降。","descriptionEnglish":"Weak electrical current is applied between electrodes over the mastoid processes, stimulating the vestibular nerve and producing sensations of tilt or self-motion, compared with sham or cutaneous control stimulation. Stimulation activates multisensory vestibular cortex (posterior insula/parieto-insular regions) and is accompanied by signal decreases in visual and somatosensory areas.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/stimulation/STM-GVS-001.yaml"},{"id":"STM-PAS-001","name":"成对联合刺激","english":"Paired associative stimulation","aliases":["PAS","paired associative stimulation"],"family":"stimulation","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.TEP","MK.SEP_N20"],"description":"将外周神经电刺激（通常为正中神经）与对侧运动皮层 TMS 以固定刺激间隔反复配对，使传入冲动与皮层脉冲同时到达或错开。该方案诱导依赖时序的皮层兴奋性改变；同步记录脑电时，通过 TMS 诱发电位以及决定配对时序的正中神经 SEP N20 评估其效应。","descriptionEnglish":"Peripheral nerve stimulation (typically of the median nerve) is repeatedly paired with TMS of the contralateral motor cortex at a fixed interstimulus interval, so that the afferent volley and the cortical pulse coincide or are offset. The protocol induces timing-dependent changes in cortical excitability; with concurrent EEG, effects are assessed through TMS-evoked potentials and the median-nerve SEP N20 that times the pairing.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/stimulation/STM-PAS-001.yaml"},{"id":"STM-PBM-001","name":"经颅光生物调节同步脑电","english":"Transcranial photobiomodulation with EEG","aliases":["tPBM","transcranial photobiomodulation","transcranial near-infrared laser stimulation"],"family":"stimulation","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.alpha_posterior"],"description":"在真刺激与伪刺激组块中，将近红外激光或 LED 光施加于头皮（通常在前额），并在刺激前、刺激中和刺激后记录脑电。主要报告的神经结果是相对于伪刺激的静息态 α、β 频段功率变化。","descriptionEnglish":"Near-infrared laser or LED light is applied to the scalp (typically over the forehead) in active and sham blocks while the EEG is recorded before, during and after stimulation. Changes in resting-state alpha and beta band power relative to sham are the main reported neural outcome.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/stimulation/STM-PBM-001.yaml"},{"id":"STM-PHTMS-001","name":"脑电相位触发 TMS","english":"EEG phase-triggered TMS","aliases":["brain-state-dependent TMS","real-time EEG-triggered TMS","mu-phase-triggered TMS","closed-loop TMS"],"family":"stimulation","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.SMR_ERD"],"description":"实时分析进行中的脑电，在目标节律（通常为感觉运动 mu 节律）的预设相位（如负峰与正峰）触发 TMS 脉冲，并与随机相位刺激比较。兴奋性与可塑性效应取决于脉冲施加时 mu 节律的相位。","descriptionEnglish":"Ongoing EEG is analysed in real time and TMS pulses are triggered at a predefined phase of a target oscillation, typically the sensorimotor mu rhythm (e.g. negative peak vs positive peak), compared with random-phase stimulation. Excitability and plasticity effects depend on the phase of the mu rhythm at which pulses are delivered.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/stimulation/STM-PHTMS-001.yaml"},{"id":"STM-SEP-001","name":"正中神经体感诱发电位","english":"Median-nerve somatosensory evoked potential","aliases":["SEP","SSEP","somatosensory evoked potential","N20"],"family":"stimulation","modalities":["EEG","MEG"],"markers":["MK.SEP_N20"],"description":"以低重复频率在腕部向正中神经施加短暂电脉冲，对数百次刺激的 EEG/MEG 响应进行平均。最早的皮层响应——对侧顶区头皮上的 N20——反映初级体感皮层的激活，用于临床评估并作为时间参照。","descriptionEnglish":"Brief electrical pulses are applied to the median nerve at the wrist at a low repetition rate, and EEG/MEG responses are averaged over hundreds of stimuli. The earliest cortical response, the N20 over the contralateral parietal scalp, reflects activation of primary somatosensory cortex and is used clinically and as a timing reference.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/stimulation/STM-SEP-001.yaml"},{"id":"STM-TACS-001","name":"经颅交流电刺激同步脑电","english":"Transcranial alternating current stimulation with EEG","aliases":["tACS-EEG","oscillatory entrainment","tACS"],"family":"stimulation","modalities":["EEG","MEG"],"markers":["MK.oscillatory_entrainment","MK.tES_power_aftereffect"],"description":"通过头皮电极施加选定频率（常为个体 α 频率）的弱正弦电流，在刺激前、刺激中和刺激后记录脑电，并与伪刺激比较。刺激可使进行中的节律与刺激频率相位对齐（夹带），刺激结束后该频段功率升高。","descriptionEnglish":"A weak sinusoidal current at a chosen frequency (often the individual alpha frequency) is applied through scalp electrodes, and EEG is recorded before, during and after stimulation, compared with sham. Stimulation can phase-align ongoing oscillations at the stimulation frequency (entrainment) and is followed by an increase in power in the stimulated band after stimulation ends.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/stimulation/STM-TACS-001.yaml"},{"id":"STM-TAVNS-001","name":"经皮耳迷走神经刺激","english":"Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation","aliases":["taVNS","tVNS","transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation"],"family":"stimulation","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.P3b"],"description":"在外耳（耳甲艇）对迷走神经耳支施加电刺激，并与耳垂伪刺激比较，被试同时完成任务或静息。通过同时进行的 oddball 任务中 P3b 的波幅等指标评估其对去甲肾上腺素能系统的作用。","descriptionEnglish":"Electrical stimulation is applied to the auricular branch of the vagus nerve at the outer ear (cymba conchae), compared with sham stimulation of the earlobe, while participants perform a task or rest. Effects on the noradrenergic system are assessed through the amplitude of the P3b in a concurrent oddball task, among other measures.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/stimulation/STM-TAVNS-001.yaml"},{"id":"STM-TDCS-001","name":"经颅直流电刺激同步记录","english":"Transcranial direct current stimulation with EEG / fNIRS","aliases":["tDCS-EEG","tDCS-fNIRS","tDCS"],"family":"stimulation","modalities":["EEG","fNIRS","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.tES_power_aftereffect","MK.BOLD_stimulated_region"],"description":"在头皮电极之间施加数分钟的弱恒定电流（阳极或阴极），在刺激前、刺激中或刺激后记录脑活动，并与伪刺激比较。通过脑电频段功率变化（如感觉运动 mu ERD）以及受刺激区域下方的血流动力学响应评估依极性而定的兴奋性改变。","descriptionEnglish":"A weak constant current (anodal or cathodal) is applied between scalp electrodes for several minutes, with brain activity recorded before, during or after stimulation and compared with sham. Polarity-dependent changes in excitability are assessed through band-power changes in EEG (for example of sensorimotor mu ERD) and haemodynamic responses under the stimulated region.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/stimulation/STM-TDCS-001.yaml"},{"id":"STM-TEP-001","name":"TMS 诱发脑电","english":"TMS-evoked potentials (TMS-EEG)","aliases":["TEP","TMS-EEG","perturbational complexity index"],"family":"stimulation","modalities":["EEG"],"markers":["MK.TEP"],"description":"在使用兼容 TMS 的放大器记录脑电的同时，向皮层靶点施加单个 TMS 脉冲，并对多次脉冲的响应进行平均。由此得到的 TMS 诱发电位是刺激后数百毫秒内由受刺激部位向外扩散的一系列波，反映局部皮层反应性与有效连接。","descriptionEnglish":"Single TMS pulses are delivered to a cortical target while EEG is recorded with TMS-compatible amplifiers, and responses are averaged across pulses. The resulting TMS-evoked potential, a series of deflections over the first few hundred milliseconds that spreads from the stimulated site, indexes local cortical reactivity and effective connectivity.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/stimulation/STM-TEP-001.yaml"},{"id":"STM-TI-001","name":"时间干涉电刺激","english":"Temporal interference stimulation","aliases":["temporal interference","TI stimulation","tTIS"],"family":"stimulation","modalities":["fMRI"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_stimulated_region"],"description":"通过两组独立的头皮电极施加频率略有差异的两路高频交流电，二者干涉在差频处形成包络，并在深部靶点（如海马）达到最大。通过任务期间靶区 BOLD 响应并与对照刺激比较，评估对靶点的作用。","descriptionEnglish":"Two high-frequency alternating currents with slightly different frequencies are applied through separate scalp electrode pairs, so that their interference produces an envelope at the difference frequency that is maximal in a deep target (e.g. the hippocampus). Target engagement is assessed with BOLD responses in the targeted region during a task, compared with control stimulation.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/stimulation/STM-TI-001.yaml"},{"id":"STM-TMSFMRI-001","name":"TMS 与功能磁共振同步","english":"Concurrent TMS-fMRI","aliases":["concurrent TMS-fMRI","interleaved TMS-fMRI","TMS-BOLD"],"family":"stimulation","modalities":["fMRI"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_stimulated_region"],"description":"在磁共振扫描仪内与图像采集交错施加 TMS 单脉冲或短串，变化刺激强度或部位（包括伪刺激）。测量受刺激皮层及远隔连接区域的 BOLD 响应，以评估刺激的局部与网络效应。","descriptionEnglish":"TMS pulses or short trains are delivered inside the MRI scanner, interleaved with image acquisition, at different intensities or sites (including sham). BOLD responses are measured at the stimulated cortex and in remote, connected regions, providing a measure of local and network effects of stimulation.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/stimulation/STM-TMSFMRI-001.yaml"},{"id":"STM-TUS-001","name":"经颅超声刺激","english":"Transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation","aliases":["TUS","tFUS","LIFU","transcranial ultrasound stimulation"],"family":"stimulation","modalities":["EEG","fMRI"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_stimulated_region","MK.SEP_N20"],"description":"经颅骨向皮层或深部靶点施加低强度聚焦超声，可单独施加或与感觉刺激锁时，并与伪刺激或非靶点刺激比较。效应以体感诱发电位的变化（如靶向 S1 时对正中神经刺激的响应）或受刺激区域及其连接区域的 BOLD 响应来测量。","descriptionEnglish":"Low-intensity focused ultrasound is delivered through the skull to a cortical or deep target, either alone or time-locked to a sensory stimulus, and compared with sham or off-target sonication. Effects are measured as changes in somatosensory evoked potentials (e.g. to median-nerve stimulation when targeting S1) or as BOLD responses at and connected to the sonicated region.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/stimulation/STM-TUS-001.yaml"},{"id":"STM-VIB-001","name":"肌腱振动运动错觉","english":"Tendon vibration kinesthetic illusion","aliases":["tendon vibration","kinesthetic illusion","vibration-induced illusory movement"],"family":"stimulation","modalities":["fMRI","EEG"],"markers":["MK.BOLD_motor_network"],"description":"对静止肢体的肌腱施加高频振动（约 80-110 Hz），激活肌梭传入并产生肢体在运动的错觉，并与不引起错觉的邻近皮肤部位振动比较。运动错觉激活包括初级运动皮层、辅助运动区和小脑在内的运动网络。","descriptionEnglish":"High-frequency vibration (around 80-110 Hz) is applied to a tendon of a stationary limb, which activates muscle spindle afferents and produces an illusion that the limb is moving, compared with vibration of a nearby skin site that does not induce the illusion. Illusory movement activates motor network regions including primary motor cortex, SMA and cerebellum.","status":"draft","path":"paradigms/stimulation/STM-VIB-001.yaml"}]}